LATIN  SYNONYMES 

S  HUMWAY 


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HAND-BOOK 


LATIN      SYNONYMES. 


MEISSNER'S  "KURZGEFASSTE  LATEINISCHE 
SYNONYMIK." 


EDGAR   S.    SHUMWAY,   PH.D., 

PBOFESSOE  OF  THE  LATIN  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE,  RUTGERS  COLLEGE. 


REVISED  EDITION. 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. 
GINN   &   COMPANY,   PUBLISHERS 

1898 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1884,  by 

EDGAR   8.  8HUMWAY, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 


J.  8.  CUSHING  &  Co.,  PRINTERS,  115  HIGH  STREET,  BOSTON. 


PEEFATORT  NOTE, 


THI»  work  was  begun  with  the  design  of  merely  translating  Meissner's 
" Kurzgefasste  Lateinische  Synonymik"  for  serial  publication  in  the  journal 
"  Latir>e  "  ;  but  it  was  found  that,  with  the  revision  and  additions  neces- 
sary, more  space  was  required  than  could  well  be  devoted  to  it  in  that 
journal  A  hand-book  was  therefore  decided  upon  which  might  serve  not 
as  an  exhaustive  discussion  of  synonymes,  but  rather  as  a  terse  compendium 
whose  sections  should  be  germs  to  be  more  fully  developed  by  the  student 
If  the  teacher  but  inspire  the  pupil  with  the  spirit  of  exploration,  placing 
finger-posts  at  doubtful  places  only,  he  has  done  far  more  to  educate  that 
pupil  than  if  he  place  before  him  prolix  definitions  exhausting  every 
shade  of  meaning,  and  so  deprive  the  student  of  that  zest  and  satisfac- 
tion which  come  from  personal  discovery.  To  encourage  such  explora- 
tions, wide  margins  have  been  left  to  be  utilized  in  recording  additions. 

Grateful  acknowledgement  of  valuable  assistance  is  here  due  to  Miss 
Caroline  P.  Townsend  and  Mr.  Samuel  M.  Otto,  and  especially  to  Mr. 
John  Tetlow,  who  has  kindly  examined  the  proof-sheets  and  given  very 
helpful  suggestions. 

EDGAR  S.  SHUMWAY. 

RUTGERS  COLLEGE,  September,  1884. 


It  is  hoped  that  the  changes  made  in  this  edition  will  add  to  the  book- 
let's usefulness.     I  am  indebted  for  suggestions  to  Dr.  Charlton  T.  Lewis. 

November,  1897. 


EXPLANATORY  NOTE. 

The  references  throughout  are  not  to  pages,  but  sections.  In  the  Latin 
Index  figures  in  bold-face  type  indicate  those  sections  in  which  the 
word  is  explained.  A  list  of  easier  groups  for  beginners  is  suggested  by 
stars. 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


Abandon. 


2. 

Acknowledge. 


*a 

Admire. 


4. 

African. 


*5. 
Afterwards. 


relinquere,  in  general;     (See  153.) 

deserere  (de-serere,  lit.  disconnect  or  separate 
from),  leave  in  the  lurch,  exercitum,  amicum 
(partic.  perf.  pass,  destitutus  or  derelictus,  while 
desertus  is  often  adj.  =  desert). 

fateri,  to  speak  out  something  that  has  been  con- 
cealed ; 

confiteri,  to  confess  something,  culpam ; 

profiteri,  to  announce  clearly,  in  plain  terms,  without 
fear,  philosophiam  or  se  philosophum  (esse).  Ita 
libenter  confitetur,  ut  non  solum  fateri,  sed  etiam 
prqfiteri  videatur ; 

prae  se  ferre,  to  keep  in  view.     (See  67.) 

mirari,  to  deem  anything  remarkable  (mirum) ,  to  be 

surprised  at,  but  also  to  admire  ; 
admirari,  to  admire  something  as  great  or  grand. 

Afer  (subst.),  born  in  Africa,  P.  Terentius  Afer; 

Africus  (adj.),  belonging  to  Africa,  ventus  Africus ; 

Africanus,  a  Roman  who  stands  in  some  outward 
relation  to  Africa,  Scipio  Africanus,  legiones 
Africanae.  Carefully  distinguish  Asianus  —  Asi- 
aticus  (Scipio  Asiaticus)  ;  Gallus  —  Gallicus  — 
Gallicanus ;  Hispanus  —  Hispanicus  —  Hispanien- 
sis  ;  Siculus  —  Siciliensis. 


posthac  (opp.  nunc),  hereafter  or  in  future,  the  pres- 
ent of  the  speaker  being  taken  as  the  starting-point ; 

postea  (opp.  antea) ,  of  something  happening  since  a 
past  occurrence. 


LATIN  SYNONYMBS. 


5 


6. 

Again. 


*7. 

Age. 


*8. 

Agreeable. 


9. 

All. 


10. 

Almost. 


rursus,  rursum  (re-vorsus  [verto],  lit.  backwards), 

indicates  repetition ; 
itentm,  for  the  second  time ; 
denuo  (de-novo),  anew; 
de  integro,  afresh. 

aetas,  period  of  life  ; 

senectus,  of  an  old  man.  (He  has  been  successively  : 
infans,  puer,  adulescens,  iuvenis,  graudior  natu 
or  senior,  senex.  Adult, —  aetas  constaus,  media, 
firmata,  corroborata,  not  a.  virilis.) 

iucundus( hypothetical  form  iuvicundus,  fromiuvare), 
causing  joy,  iucunda  narratio,  an  agreeable,  inter- 
esting story ; 

gratus,  welcome.  Medicina  aegrotis  grata,  non 
iucunda. 

totus,  in  opp.  to  separate  parts; 

universus  (nnus- verto,  lit.  turned  into  one) ,  the  parts 

brought  into  unity  (opp.  singuli)  ;  universum,  the 

universe ; 
cunctus  (through  coniunctus),  united  (opp.  disper- 

sus)  ; 

omnis,  opp.  nemo ; 
integer  [in-tango],  lit.  untouched,  still  uninjured,  still 

whole. 

fere  (ferme),  about  so,  (limiting,)  esp.  with  expres- 
sions of  number  and  time,  =  about,  omnes  fere  ; 
also  equals  almost  always  (plerumque),  ut  fere 
fit; 

paene  and  prope,  if  it  falls  only  a  little  short  of  com- 
pleteness, paene  perii. 


LATIN  SYNONYMBS. 


Ambitious 
Canvass. 


*12. 

Animal. 


13. 

Anyhow. 
At  least. 


*14. 

Arms. 

*15. 

Army. 


16. 

Ask.    Bequest. 


ambitio  (ambire) ,  orig.  the  going  about  of  candidates 

canvassing  for  an  office,  legitimate  ; 
ambitus,  illegal  canvass. 

animal,  animans,  every  living  thing,  therefore  also 

man;     (See  113,  141.) 

bestia,  the  beast  as  contrasted  with  man  ;   (See  109.) 
belua,  the  large,  unwieldy  beast ; 
fera,  the  wild  beast. 

saltern  (old  ace.  [salvus,  salus] ,  lit.  saved ;  cf. "  save  " 
=  except) ,  descending  from  higher  to  lower ; 

qiiiclem,  limiting  and  emphasizing  the  word  which  it 
follows  enclitically  ; 

certe,  assuring,  (ki  or  at  least "  =  aut).     (See  34.) 

anna,  including  offensive  and  defensive ; 
tela,  offensive  only. 

exercitus  (exerceo) ,  the  arm}-  as  a  trained  body ; 

agmen  (ago),  on  the  march  ;  agmen  primum,  the  van  ; 
a.  extremum  or  novissimum,  the  rear; 

acies  (a  sharp  line),  the  army  in  line  of  battle  ; 

copiae  (through  coopia,  from  com  and  ops,  lit.  abun- 
dance of  aids),  the  army  in  the  hand  of  the  man- 
aging commander,  troops,  magnae,  parvae  (as 
individuals  =  milites). 

rogare  (perhaps  from  the  same  root  as  ope'yw,  reach 

for,  yearn  for) ,  to  request ; 
orare,  stronger  (os) ,  lit.  speak,  to  request  in  a  formal 

way,  to  present  one's  request,  rogo  te  atque  etiam 

oro;     (See  98,  155.) 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


17. 

Assembly. 


*18. 

Author. 

19. 

Bear. 


obsecrare   (ob-sacro),  to  adjure  one  by  everything 

that  is  holy  to  him  ; 
implorare  (in-ploro),  to  beseech  one  (with  tears) 

when  in  need,  raisericordiam,  esp.  deos ; 
supplicare  (sub-plico),  lit.  bending  the  knee,  hence 

meekly  beseeching  (alicui  pro  aliquo)  ; 
precari  (prex),  beseechingly  to  call  upon  one,  to 

pray,  deos  or  aliquid  a  deis  ; 
petere  (of  the  same  root  as  impetus,   lit.  to  grasp 

at) ,  to  seek  to  attain  something,  whether  by  request 

or  demand. 

concilium  populi,  in  gen.  a  meeting  of  the  people  ; 

conventus  (con-veuio),  coitus  (con-eo),  voluntary 
assembly  of  the  people  ; 

contio  (through  conventio),  a  deliberative  assem- 
bly to  hear  the  statement  of  a  magistrate  ; 

comitia,  orum,  an  assembly  of  the  whole  Roman 
people  which  takes  conclusive  action,  whether  it 
be  for  the  purpose  of  forming  laws,  choosing  offi- 
cers, or  judging  about  capital  crimes. 

scriptor,  writer; 
auctor,  voucher. 

ferre,  a  (esp.  a  rather  light)  load ; 

portare,  to  carry  a  rather  heavy  burden  ; 

sustinere,  to  hold  on  high,  upright,  the  burden  which 

presses  down  ; 
gerere,  on  one's  self,  as  belonging  to  the  person  ; 

vestem ; 

vehere,  to  move  something  on  (cf.  vehi  curru,  equo)  ; 
tolerare,  with  subjective  reference  to  the  state  of 

mind  of  the  person  bearing;     (See  142.) 


LATIN  SYNONYMBS. 


20. 

Beautiful. 


21. 

Because  of. 


22. 

Become. 


23. 

Before. 


pati  denotes  an  intellectual  permission,  no  opposi- 
tion being  made,  like  to  let  happen,  also  patiently 
to  endure,  e.g.  paupertatem  ; 

permittere,  to  grant  what  one  has  a  full  right  to  dis- 
pose of; 

sinere,  not  to  hinder,  to  leave  free. 

pulcher,  in  gen.  ; 

formosus,  of  excellent  figure  (see  forma)  ; 

venustus  (Venus) ,  lovely,  attractive  ; 

amoenus,  of  beauty  of  nature,  loca  amoena ; 

bellus  (through  benulus,  for  bonulus ;  cf .  the  Fr. 
beau,  belle),  the  Fr.  joli,  employed  more  in  col- 
loquial language. 

propter   indicates  the  objective, 

ob,  the  subjective  reason  (which  exists  in  one's 
thought)  ; 

causa,  the  purpose  (usually  following  its  genitive)  ; 

per,  either  the  consent  or  the  hindrance,  especially 
with  licet  and  posse  ;  e.g.  per  me  licet,  so  far  as 
I  am  concerned  ;  per  aetatem  arma  ferre  non  posse, 
to  be  unable  to  bear  arms  on  account  of  his  age; 

prae,  in  negative  clauses  only,  giving  the  hindrance, 
prae  lacrimis  loqui  nou  posse. 

fieri,  in  general ; 

evadere,  with  the  accessory  notion  of  trouble  ; 

exsistere,  to  step  forth. 

coram  (com-os,  lit.  in  the  face),  used  of  casual; 

apud,  of  official  presence.  So  distinguish  between 
coram  populo  and  apud  populum  dicere  ;  (to  dis- 
tinguish one's  self  above  all  others,  praeter 
ceteros  florere,  not  prae  ceteris  =  in  comparison 


LATIN    SYNONYMBS. 


24. 

Begin. 


25. 

Beginning. 


26. 

Believe. 
Think. 


*27. 

Besiege 
(assault). 


*28. 

Beyond. 


with  the  others  ;  to  deliver  a  speech  in  one's  pres- 
ence, apud  aliquem,  not  ante ;  to  appear  before 
the  court,  in  indicium  venire,  in  iudicio  adesse). 

incipere  (perf.  coepi,  opp.  desinere),  inceptum  bel- 

lum  deponere  ; 

inchoare  (opp.  absolvere),opus  inchoatum  absolvere  ; 
ordiri,  exordiri,  e.g.  sermonem  (opp.  to  continue)  ; 
coepisse,  c.  inf.,  especially  to  begin  a  transaction. 

Note  :  lapides  iaci  coepti  sunt. 


initium  (inire),  starting-point,  entrance; 
principium,  beginning  as  foundation,  therefore  prin- 

cipia  rerum,  elements,  material ; 
exordium  (exordior) ,  especially  beginning  of  a  speech. 

credere,  from  conviction ; 

putare,  result  of  reflection  ;  sentire,  of  feeling  ; 
opinari,  to  fancy,  suppose  ; 

existimare  (ex-aestimo),  to  think,  after  logical  con- 
sideration ; 

iudicare  (index),  to  judge;  so  arbitrari; 
censere,  of  official  opinions  ;  [sideration. 

ratus  (partic.  from  reor),  after  a  prearranged  con- 

obsidere    (ob-sedeo,  lit.  to   sit   before  something). 

through  circumvallation  ; 

oppugnare  (ob) ,  to  tiy  to  take  by  assault  or  storm  ; 
expugnare  (ex) ,  to  succeed  in  taking. 

trans  flumen,  beyond  the  river  (having  crossed); 

ultra  flumen,  beyond  the  river  (without  such  impli- 
cation). So  are  distinguished  cis  and  citra,  on 
this  side. 


10 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


Black. 


30. 

Blame. 


Blood. 


32. 

Booty. 


33. 

Both. 


niger  (opp.  candidus),  lustrous  black,  entirely,  thor- 
oughly black  ;  pice  nigrior,  "  pitch  black"  ;  fig.  of 
bad  men,  hie  niger  est,  huiic  tu,  Romane,  caveto ; 

ater  (opp.  albus),  dead  black,  dark,  alba  et  atra 
discernere  non  posse  ;  applied  meaning,  dies  ater 
(bringing  evil). 

reprehendere  (lit.  to  hold  back  or  draw  back),  for 

the  purpose  of  improving  ; 
vituperare,   stronger   (in  place  of  vitiperare,   from 

vitio  purare  [cf.  vitio  dare,  vertere],  lit.  to  make 

faulty),    to   censure   with   reproach   and   rebuke 

(opp.  laudare)  ; 
increpare,  loudly  to  upbraid ; 
obiurgare,  to  scold. 

sangnis,  the  blood  circulating  in  the  body ; 

cruor    (from    root  CRU,    whence   also   crudus    and 

crudelis),   the   blood  as  flowing   from  a  wound. 

Hence  bloody  war  =  bellum  cruentum. 

praeda,  in  general  (praedarn  ferre  et  agere)  ; 

manubiae  (manus) ,  booty,  lit.  '  booty  gained  by  the 
hands.' 

spolia,  orum,  the  booty  which  has  been  taken 
away  from  the  conquered  enemy,  especially 
arms  ;  spolia  opima,  the  arms  which  have  been 
taken  away  by  the  leader  from  the  leader  of  the 
enemy. 

ambo,  both  together ; 

uterque,  each  of  two  by  himself  ;  (in  app.  with  two 
names,  not  to  be  expressed,  e.g.  Demosthenes  et 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


11 


34. 

Certainly. 
In  truth. 


*35. 

Children. 


36. 

Choose. 


*37. 

City. 

38. 

Clothing. 


Cicero,  summi  oratores  not  duo  summi,  etc. ;  et 
honor  et  vita,  both  honor  and  life) . 

certo  scio  (objectively),  I  know  it  to  be  certain 
(mea  notitia  rei  certa  est)  ; 

certe  scio  (subjectively) ,  assuredly  I  know  it  (certum 
est  me  scire)  (certo  only  with  scio,  certe  with  all 
verbs) ; 

re  vera,  only  used  in  opp.  to  appearance  (specie)  ; 

profecto,  sane,  vero,  ne  (nae) ,  affirming,  the  last  at 
the  beginning  of  the  sentence,  and  always  before 
a  pers.  pron.  (for  the  third  person,  ille)  ;  and  truly, 
et  profecto,  et  sane,  or  et  with  verb  following  im- 
mediately. (See  13.) 

pueri,   with   regard  to  the  age.      Hence  disciplina 

puerilis  or  pucrorum,  the  training  of  children  ; 
liberi  (sing,  filius,  filia),  relation  to  the  parents. 

deligere,  in  general ; 

eligere  (e-legere,  to  read  out  of),  to  choose  out 

from  several ; 

creare,  only  of  the  choice  of  officials  ; 
cooptare  (publicists'  term),  to  elect  to  an  office  ; 

office; 
designare,  to  designate,  esp.  to  elect  or  appoint  to 

a  public  office  (consul  designates). 

urbs,  a  large  city,  especially  Rome  as  chief  city ; 
oppidum,  a  small  city  or  a  town.     (See  180.) 

vestis  (only  in  the  sing.),  collectively,  clothing; 

vestitus,  suit  of  clothes  ; 

vestimentum,  garment.  Note  :  vestem  mutare,to  put 


12 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


Command. 


40. 

Complaint. 


41. 

Consider. 


*42. 

Corpse. 

*43. 

Correct. 


on  mourning  (opp.  ad  vestitum  suum  redire),  but 
vestimenta  mutare,  to  change  one's  clothes. 

inhere,  in  general ; 

imperare,  with  the  authority  of  a  higher  position  ; 
edicere,  to  publish  an  ordinance,  of  magistrates  ; 
mandare  (manus-do) ,  to  commit  to  one's  charge  ; 
praecipere,    to  enjoin  by  right  of  authority,   as  a 
teacher.     (See  48.) 

questus,  in  general ; 

querimonia  (mind  expresses  a  claim  to  relief) ; 

querela  (feelings  express  distress). 


contemplari  (com-templum,  lit.  to  draw  within  one's 
horizon),  with  the  mind; 

considerare,  lit.  to  concentrate  the  glance  upon  one 
point,  sharpl}"  to  examine  with  the  intellect,  care- 
fully to  reflect  upon ; 

intueri,  to  look  at  something  sharply,  to  contem- 
plate ; 

spectare,  adspicere,  to  glance  at ;     (See  166.) 

speculari,  to  spy  upon. 

cadaver  (cadere) ,  which  has  alread}*  begun  to  decay  ; 
corpus,  otherwise  (mortuum,  homines  mortui). 

corrigere  (com-regere) ,  to  make  right  what  is  defec- 
tive, e.g.  mores;  (to  correct  some  one,  corrigere 
mores  alicuius,  not  corrigere  aliquem)  ; 

emendare  (e-mendum) ,  weaker,  to  free  from  single 
defects. 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


13 


44. 

Country  (adj.). 


45. 

Cultured. 


46. 

Damage. 


*47. 

Death. 


nisticus,  as    opposed    to   city ;    vita  rustica    (opp. 

urbana)  country  life,  i.e.  life  of  those  who  are 

engaged  in  agriculture ;  then  boorish,  clownish ; 

less  commonly,  simply  plain  ;     (See  102.) 
rusticanus,  standing  in  more  remote  relation  to  the 

countr}' ;    vita  rusticana,  country  life,  as  merely 

stay  in  the  country  ;  vir  rusticanus,  whoever  has 

grown  up  in  the  country  ; 
agrestis.  orig.  growing  wild  in  the  fields  (in  agris), 

then  rough,  uncultured. 

eruditus   (e-rudis,  lit.  brought  out  of  condition  of 

roughness) ,  spiritually  and  morally  cultured ; 
doctus.  by  instruction,  esp.  one  trained  in  philosophy  ; 
litteratus,  of  literan-  culture. 

damnum.  damage  for  which  one's  self  is  blamable, 
loss  esp.  in  goods  ; 

detrimentum  (de-terere),  damage  occasioned  b}' 
another ; 

fraus,  damage  brought  about  b}-  treachery ; 

iactura  (iacere),  (lit.  throwing  overboard,  then) 
voluntary  giving  up  of  something  valuable  to 
prevent  damage  ;  or  to  obtain  greater  advantage  ; 

calamitas  (from  calamus,  straw,  lit.  damage  to  the 
crop,  whether  through  blight  [robigo]  or  by  hail), 
misfortune  as  well  of  individuals  as  of  the  State  ; 
(damnum  facere,  to  suffer  damage,  to  suffer  loss  ; 
iaduram  facere,  to  suffer  misfortune  ;  calamttatem 
accipere ;  not  pati,  which  =  to  submit  to) . 


mors,  natural  death  ; 
nex,  violent  death. 


(See  120.) 


14 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


48. 

Decree. 


49. 

Deed.    Evil  deed. 


50. 

Deep. 


51. 

Deprive. 


senatus  consultum,  decree  of  the  senate  which  has 

been  sanctioned   by   the  consent  of   the   tribuni 

plebis ; 
senatus  auctoritas,  decree  of  the  senate  in  general, 

or  simply  the  senate's  judgment  without  consent 

of  the  tribunes  ; 
edictum  (see    command,  39),   proclamation  of  the 

magistrates  ; 

decretum,  decision  of  any  political  or  judicial  body ; 
scitum,  of  the  plebs  (cf.  plebiscitum). 

res,  thing,  deed,  (res  gestae),  exploit  (esp.  battle) ; 
factum,  in  general,  thing  done  (a  common  mistake 

is  to  use  factum  for  res)  ; 
consilia  et  facta,  plans  and  execution  ; 
facinus,  every  weighty  deed,  gen.  in  bad  sense; 
maleficium,  evil  deed ; 
scelus,  crime  ; 
flagitium  (flagitare,  root  FLAG)  ,  disgraceful,  evil  deed 

done  in  the  heat  of  passion, 
nefas  (see  fas),  crime  against  the  gods. 

profundus  (pro-fundus),  lit.  downward  into  the 
ground,  bottomless,  mare  profundum; 

altus  (alere),  high  or  deep,  especially  when  the 
height  or  depth  is  given  in  numbers,  fossa  tres 
pedes  alta.  (Deep  peace,  summa  pax;  deep 
night,  multa  nox;  deep  learning,  subtilis,  exqui- 
slta  doctrina,  not  profundus,  which  is  to  be  used 
only  of  space.) 

privare  (privus),  in  general,  lit.  =  to  make  separate 
[cf.  privilegium  =  enactment  for  a  single  person, 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


15 


52. 

Despise. 


53. 

Destruction. 


54. 

Different. 


and  privignus,  through  privus  +  root  GEN,  lit.  of 

a  separate  stem  =  step-son]  ; 
spoliare,  lit.  to  take  away  the  spoilt^  fig.  to  take  away 

a  source  of  honor  or  protection,  e.g.  d/gnitate; 
orbare  (orbus) ,  lit.  =  to  deprive  of  children  or  parents, 

in  general,  to  take  away  the  dearest  thing ; 
exuere,  to  pull  off,  to  put  off,  pharetram  umero, 

ensem  vagina. 

contemnere,  to  consider  something  as  no  great  thing, 

e.g.  pericula,  mortem; 
spernere  (opp.  concupiscere) ,  to  scorn  something, 

to  consider  something  not  worth}-  to  be  desired, 

e.g.  voluptates; 
despicere  (lit.  to  look  down  from  above,  opp.  suspi- 

cere) ,  to  look  down  upon  something  of  little  value, 

vulgi  opiniones ; 

aspernari  (opp.  appetere) ,  not  to  care  for  a  thing ; 
recusare,  a  decided  declaration  of  unwillingness ; 
fastidire,  to  feel  disgust,  to  shrink  from  anything 

unpleasant  to  the  taste,  smell,  etc. ; 
neglegere  (opp.  to  curare),  not  to  care,  be  indifferent 

to.     (See  1.) 

pernicies,  in  general ; 

pestis,  like  pernicies,  but  may  mean  the  person  who 

brings  destruction  ; 
pestUentia,  the  pestilence,  plague. 

diversus  (dis-vertere,  lit.  turned  away  from  each 
other) ,  opposed  ;  diversi  abierunt,  they  went  away 
in  opposite  directions ; 

varius,  manifold,  variegated,  flores,  colores. 


16 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


55. 

Discuss. 


56. 

Doubt. 


Earth. 


58. 

Educate. 


disserere  (dis-serere,  lit.  fasten  at  intervals),  to 
develop  a  chain  of  thought  (of  orators  and 
philosophers)  ; 

disputare  (dis-putare,  lit.  to  reckon  apart),  with 
grounds  for  and  against.  (Substantive  for  both 
verbs  is  disputatio,  not  dissertatio,  which  is  post- 
classic.)  (See  177,  95.) 

disceptare  (lit.  to  seize  hold  of  and  separate),  to 
dispute.  (See  41.) 

non  (hand)  dubium  est  quin  =  there  is  no  doubt  that ; 
sine  dubio,  beyond  all  doubt,  not  sine  nllo  dubio ; 
on  the  other  hand,  sine  ulla  dubitatione,  subjective, 
without  any  hesitation.      (See  34,  13.) 

terra,  as  matter  and  element  (orbis  terrarum,  the 
whole  earth,  lit.  circle  of  lands)  ;  (See  102.) 

tellus,  as  the  globe  (poet.;  once  in  prose,  Somn.  Scip.) . 

humus,  the  ground,  as  the  low  (humilis)  portion  of 
the  visible  world,  humi  iacere; 

solum,  the  firm  ground,  solo  aequare,  to  level  with 
the  ground. 

educere,  to  draw  out,  to  educate  ; 

educare,  to  train  spiritually  and  morally,  bene,  ho- 

neste,  liberaliter  educare;     (See  63.) 
erudire  (e-rudis) ,  lit.  to  bring  out  of  the  condition  of 

roughness,  to  cultivate,  artibus  et  Utteris  aliqnem; 
instituere  (in-statuere,  lit.  place  into),  to  instruct, 

aliquem  ad  dicendum; 
instruere,  to  furnish  with  information  ; 
informare  (in-forma,  lit.  to  give  shape  to) ,  to  mould  ; 
conformare,  of  one  who  had  previously  received  some 

instruction. 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


17 


59. 

Eloquent. 


Else. 


Empty. 


Enemy. 

63. 

Enjoy. 


'64. 

Entrance.    Door. 
Gate. 


eloquens  (e-loqui) ,  speaking  well,  of  a  perfect  orator ; 
disertus  (disserere),  speaking  clearly  and  precisely; 

Autonius  .  .  .  disertos  ait  se  vidisse  multos,  elo- 

quentem  omnino  neminem  ; 
loquax  (loquor) ,  chatty  ; 
dicax  (dico) ,  witty  ; 

facundus  (fari),  of  ready  speech  (Sail.,  Liv.). 
copiosus,  esp.  of  things  eloquent,  e.g.  oratio  copiosa. 

alibi  (=  alio  loco),  else  where  ; 

alias  =  at  another  time,  alio  tempore  ;     (See  186.) 

aliter,  another  way  ; 

ceteris  rebus  (other  cases  but  not  ceterum),  besides. 

vacuus,  in  general ; 

inanis,  in  censure,  about  that  which  ought  to  be  full, 
vas  inane,  fig.  inania  verba,  inanes  cupiditates. 

hostis,  a  national  enemy  ; 
inimicus,  a  personal  enemy. 

fmi,  used  only  of  actual  enjoyment,  esp.  voluptati- 

bus,  otio  frui ; 
disciplina   alicuius  uti,    magistro    aliquo    uti  =  to 

enjoy  one's  instruction  ; 
liberaliter,  ingenue,  bene  educari  =  to  enjoy  a  good 

education.     (See  58.) 

ostium  (os),  any  entrance  to  enclosed  space ; 

ianua  (ianus),  street-door  of  a  house  ; 

foris  (usually  fores  in  pi.  since  the  doors  of  the  an- 
cients were  generally  folding  doors),  door  of  an 
ordinary  house ; 

valvae,  folding  doors  in  temples  and  fine  buildings  ; 

porta,  gate  of  a  city. 


18 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


65. 

Especially. 


66. 

Experience. 


67. 

Explain. 


Fail. 


maxime,  in  grade  (ef.  magis,  117)  ; 

potissimum,  enclitically  after  pronouns. 

praecipue  (prae-capio) ,  taken  by  preference  ; 

imprimis  (through  in-primis) ,  what  one  has  in  com- 
mon with  the  first,  i.e.  with  a  few; 

praesertim  (joined  with  cum  and  si  in  short  clauses), 
especially  ; 

nominatim  (nomen),  by  name,  i.e.  with  the  mention 
of  the  name,  therefore  without  comparison. 

experiri,  by  effort,  attention,  or  deed,  multa  acerba 
expertus  est  it  was  his  fortune  to  have  many 
bitter  experiences. 

comperire,  ascertain  by  report.     (See  73.) 

explicare,  exponere,  explanare  (planus),  to  make 
clear ; 

dicere,  to  sa}-  plainly  ; 

profiteri,  to  announce  plainly;     (See  2.) 

declarare,  by  deed  or  example  to  make  clear.  To 
declare  one's  opinion,  dicere  —  not  declarare;  to 
declare  war,  bellum  indicere,  denunciare  —  not 
declarare  ; 

interpretari  (iuterpres),  to  expound,  translate,  inter- 
pret, as  monstra,  fulgura,  somnia. 

abesse  (opp.  adesse),in  general  of  that  which  is  not 

there  ; 
deesse  and  deficere,  of  necessities,  the  first  of  abiding, 

the  second  of   beginning  =  to  begin  to  fail,  soZ, 

pecunia  deficit. 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


19 


*69. 

Famous. 


70. 

Favor. 


71. 

Fear  (to  fear;. 


72. 

Finally. 


clams  (lit.  bright  gleaming) ,  especially  of  statesmen  ; 
celeber,  much  visited,  portus,  oraculum,  celebrated ; 
nobilis    (from  root  GEN),  famed,   of  artists,  etc. 
(See  124.) 

favor,  in  general ; 

aura  (orig.  the  air  in  gentle  motion) ,  favor  as  easy 

to  win,  easy  to  forfeit,  aura  popularis,  unreliable 

favor  of  the  crowd  ; 
studium,  from  one  of  lower  rank  toward  one  of  a 

higher,  temporary,  quiet ; 
gratia  (opp.  invidia),  objectively,  favor,  influence. 

timor,  fear,  fright,  on  account  of  faint-heartedness 

or  cowardice ; 
metus,  anxiety,  on  account  of  one's  foresight  and 

prudence  (without  implication  of  censure)  ; 
verecundia,  awe,  on  account  of  reverence ; 
just  so  timere,  metuere,  vereri.     Stronger  grades  of 

fear  are  : 

pavor,  a  being  disheartened  ; 
trepidatio  (lit.  confused  running  hither  and  thither) , 

fear  which  expresses  itself  in  external  haste  and 

restlessness ; 

horror,  the  shuddering  fear ; 
formido,    shuddering   terror  (formidiues,  monsters, 

frightful  objects). 

postremo  (ad  extremum,  ad  ultimum),  of  that  which 
is  last;  (See  103.) 

tandem,  of  that  which  happens  after  long  expec- 
tation, frequently  also  in  pressing  questions  = 
then  or  in  the  world  ; 


20 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


73. 

Find. 


74. 

Fitted. 


75. 

Flatter. 


76. 

Follow. 


demum,  of  that  which  happens  later  than  it  should,  or 

which  could  have  happened  before  ; 
denique,  at  the  end  of  an  enumeration :   primum, 

deinde,  turn,  denique    (postremum) .     Therefore 

turn  demum  =  then  at  length,  turn  denique  =  then 

finally. 

invenire  (in- venire,  lit.  to  come  upon  something), 

generally  casual ;     (See  66,  127.) 
reperire  (re-pario,  lit.  to  make  again) ,  by  seeking  ; 
idiomatic  :  to  find  approval  =  probari  ;  to  find  belief 

=  fidem  habere;  to  find  one's  self  satisfied  with. 

=  acquiescere  in  aliqua  re  et  al.,  not  invenire. 

idoneus,  by  nature  useful  for  some  purpose,  locus 

idoneus  ad  aciem  instruendam  ; 
aptus  (from  obs.  apere  =  to  adapt  [cf.  apiscor,  adi- 

piscor]),  lit.  adapted,  adapted  by  art  or  practice, 

calcei  apti  ad  pedem,  aptus  ad  dicendum.  skilled 

in  speech;     (See  148.) 
opportunus,  seasonable,  esp.  of  time  ; 
commodus,  convenient ; 
utilis,  suitable. 

blandiri  alicui,  by  caresses  or  agreeable  conduct ; 
assentari  (assentior)  alicui,  to  say  yes  to  some  one ; 
adulari  (orig.  perhaps  of  dogs,  to  wag  the  tail  at) 
aliquem,  cringingly  to  flatter. 

sequi,  in  general  (sequitur  ut  =  it  follows  that)  ; 
succedere  alicui,  or  in  locum  alicuius,  in  order,  in 
rank  or  time,  to  be  the  successor  of  any  one. 


LATIN   SYNONYMBS. 


21 


77. 

Foreign. 


*78. 

Foremost  (adj.). 


79. 

Form. 


80. 

Fortunate. 


Notice  also  the  signification  of  the  following  com- 
pounds of  sequi :  assequi,  consequi,  to  overtake  ; 
insequi,  to  pursue ;  persequi,  ( 1 )  to  follow  con- 
stantly, (2)  to  persecute  ;  obsequi,  c.  dat.  to  agree 
with  ;  prosequi,  to  accompany  for  the  sake  of  hon- 
oring ;  subsequi,  to  follow  immediately. 

externus,  entirely  local  (opp.  intestinus),  mores  ex- 

terni; 
exteri  (the  nom.  sing,  not  to  be  used),  political, 

exterae  gentes-  (opp.  domesticus)  ; 
peregrinus,  temporarily  in  a  foreign  land  (peregre)  ; 
alienus  (opp.  suns),  belonging  to  another   (alius), 

aes  alienum  (only  in  sing.)  =  debts. 

primus  (prior,  of  two),  in  time  and  order; 

princeps  (primus-capio),  (1)  the  foremost,  whose 
example  others  follow,  princeps  in  proclaim  ibat ; 
(2)  in  rank  and  authority  the  head,  e.g.  coniu ra- 
tion! s  ;  principes,  leading  citizens. 

figura,  in  general  (fingo)  ; 

forma,  often  in  aesthetic  connection,  therefore  often 

=  beaut)-    (cf.   formosus.      Geometricae   formae 

[Cic.  Rep.  1,  17]  —  not  figurae)  ; 
species  (from  root  SPEC),  opp.  to  inner,  as  simply 

external,  therefore  =  external  appearance. 

felix  (opp.  infelix),  for  whom  all  goes  according  to 

his  wish ; 
beatus  (opp.    miser),  who  feels  himself  fortunate, 

bene   beateque  vivere   (beata  vita,   beatum  esse, 
—  not  beatitude,  beatitas)  ; 
fortunatns    (opp.    infortunatus),  outwardty ; 


22 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


81. 

Fortune. 


*82. 

Freedman. 


83. 

Fruit. 


prosperus,  secundus,  faustus,  of  things  ;  prosperus 
(prospero,  according  to  hope),  wished,  successus, 
prospere  procedere  ;  secundus  (sequi) ,  lit.  follow- 
ing, going  according  to  one's  wish  (opp.  adver- 
sus)  ventus  secundus,  proelium  secundum,  cf. 
below,  res  secundae;  faustus  (faveo),  favored, 
made  fortunate  by  the  blessing  of  the  gods,  fans- 
turn  omeu  ;  quod  bonum,  faustum,  felix  fortuua- 
tumque  sit ! 

fortuna  (orig.  the  goddess),  which  intermingles  with 
the  life  of  man,  the  fortune  bestowed  upon  one ; 

felicitas  (from  root  FE,  cf.  fecunclus,  femina ;  opp. 
infelicitas) ,  the  happy  circumstances  produced  by 
fortune ; 

res  secundae  (from  sequi,  opp.  res  adversae),  con- 
cretely, the  fortunate  events ; 

fors  (fero,  to  bring) ,  chance,  hap,  luck. 

libertus,  in  relation  to  the  master's  house,  with  gen. 

or  poss.  pron.  =  in  the  employ  of ; 
libertimis  (opp.  servus,  ingenuus),  with  reference  to 

rank. 

fructus,  not  single  fruits,  but  collectively,  especially 
of  field  and  trees.  Fig.  =  gain,  profit,  e.g.  fruc- 
tum  uberrimum  capere,  percipere,  cousequi  ex 
aliqua  re  ;  single  fruit  is  pomum,  bacca; 

fruges,  product  of  the  field  ; 

frumentum  (fruor),  grain;  in  sing.,  of  grain  har- 
vested ;  in  plural,  generally  of  standing  grain. 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


23 


Gift. 

85. 

Grief. 
Mourning. 


86. 

Happen. 


87. 

Hear. 


*88. 

Heart. 


*89. 

Hinder. 


donum,  in  general  (root  DO)  ; 

munus.  performance  of  a  promise. 

dolor,  internal  (opp.  gaudium)  ; 

maeror,  melancholy ; 

maestitia,  lasting  melancholy  ; 

tristitia   (opp.    laetitia),   mourning   which   exhibits 

itself  in  gloomy  looks  ; 

luctus,  through  external  signs  (garb)   and  lamenta- 
tions, esp.  at  the  death  of  a  dear  one. 
fieri,  in  general ; 

accidere,  of  casual,  generallj'  of  unlucky ; 
contingere  (no  sup.  with  this  meaning),  obtingere 

(no  sup.),  of  fortunate  occurrences  ; 
evenire,  to  turn  out  as  one  has  expected   (cf.  even- 

tus,  a  result)  ; 

usu  venire,  to  happen  in  one's  experience, 
audire,  in  gen.  (aliquem,  to  hear  some  one  ;  ex  or  ab 

aliquo,  a  thing  from  some  one)  ;     (See  12G.) 
exaudire,  to  hear  clearly  (in  spite  of  distance  or  low 

voice)  ; 
auscultare  (instead  of  hypoth.  form  ausiculitare  from 

ausicula  =  auricula  =  the  external  ear)  ;  alicui,  to 

listen  attentively  to  some  one. 

cor  (physical)  ; 

fig.  animus,  except  in  the  expression  mihi  cordi  est ; 
(note  also  the  early  use  of  cor  for  mind  :  ''Q.  En- 
nius  tria  corda  habere  sese  dicebat,  quod  loqui 
graece  et  osce  et  latino  sciret."  Gell.  17,  17,  1, 
cf.  Cic.  Tusc.  1,  9,  18). 

impedire  (in-pes,  orig.  to  entangle  the  foot,  opp.  ex- 
pedire),  to  hem  in,  profectionem,  miles  impeditus  ; 


24 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


90. 

History. 


91. 

Holy. 


92. 

Hostile. 


prohibere  (pro-habere),  to  keep  one  distant,  to  pro- 
hibit one  from  doing  something,  hostem  com- 
meatu,  aliquem  ab  iniuria ; 

implicare  (twice  inCic.),  in-plico,  to  fold  into,  to 
entangle,  to  envelop,  encircle,  enwrap ; 

irretire,  to  catch  in  a  net ; 

illaqueare,  to  take  in  a  snare,  as  birds. 

res  gestae,  as  compilation  of  facts,  not  historia, 
which  =  representation  of  history,  historical  re- 
search, historical  knowledge ; 

narratio,  narratiuncula,  fabula,  individual  narra- 
tions ;  rerum  scriptor,  writer  of  history,  not  his- 
toricus,  which  =  investigator  of  history,  one  versed 
in  history. 

sacer(opp.  profauus),  consecrated  to  divinity,  insula 

sacra  deorum  ; 
sanctns,    under   divine    protection,    inviolable,    e.g. 

iusiurandum ;  of  men,  morally  pure; 
augustus  (class,  in  religious  lang.),  [augeo]  worthy 

of  honor. 

hostilis,  of  hostile  thought ;     (See  62.) 
nostrum,  belonging  to  the  enemy. 

infestus   (1)    active,   malevolent,  threatening,   gens 

infesta  Romanis,  (2)  passive,  unsafe,  dangerous, 

iter ; 
infensus    (like  infestus,  from    in  and  the  obsolete 

fendo,  to  ward  [cf.  de-fendere  and  offendere]), 

exasperated. 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


25 


93. 

Ignorance. 


94. 

Ignorant. 


95. 

Indicate.  Show. 


96. 

Industry. 
Industrious. 


*97. 

Inhabit. 
Dwell  in. 


inscientia  ([cf.  inscius],  not  to  be  confounded  with 
inscitia  =  inaptness),  lack  of  proper  knowledge  ; 

ignoratio,  ignorance  of  individual  facts  ; 

ignorantia  (only  once  in  Cic.,  who  freq.  uses  ignor- 
atio) ,  ignorance  for  which  one  is  to  blame ;  in 
class,  usually  so  inscitia  (lasting  characteristic). 

inscius,  often  in   censure  ; 

nescius,  not  knowing,  with  ace.  c.  inf.,  wow  sum  nescius 

te  hocfecisse,  or  iudir.  quest.  (Sulla,  28)  ; 
insciens,  unaware,  temporary,  not  in  censure. 

monstrare  (denominative  from  stem  of  monstrum, 
connected  with  monere),  to  point  out,  digito  viam; 

ostendere  (ob-tendere,  to  stretch  against),  to  permit 
to  be  seen,  to  bring  to  light,  potestatem ; 

demonstrare,  to  indicate,  to  call  attention  to,  rem. ; 

significare,  to  make  known  by  signs  (siguis) ,  dedi- 
tionem  ; 

indicare,  disclose ; 

exhibere,  to  hold  out  into  view.    (See  2.) 

industria,  active,  zealous,  industry ; 
assiduitas  (assideo) ,  lasting  industry  ; 
labor,  intense  activity.    (See  206.) 

In  the    same    way   are   distinguished  industrius, 
assiduus,  laboriosus. 

incolere  locum,  of  a  body  of  people  ; 

habitare,  to  dwell  in  (with  prep,  in,  apud,  cum), 

used    of  individuals,  habitare   in    the   passive  is 

found  with  nom.  of  the  place  ; 
commoror,  to  sojourn. 


26 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


98. 

Interrogate. 


99. 

Joy. 


100. 

Kill. 


interrogare,  to  ask  a  question  to  which  one  must 

reply  ; 
rogare,  an  important,  particularly  official  question 

(sententiam  rogare)  ;     (See  16,  155.) 
quaerere,  to  seek  to  discover  03-  a  question,  to  wish 

to  get  information,  hence  of  scientific  or  judicial 

investigations  (quaestio)  ; 
percontari,  to  make  inquiries  about,  to  seek  out, 

make    a    thorough    investigation    (exploratus  = 

authentic,  certain)  ; 
sciscitari,    "scire   velle,    ideoque   interrogare";   ex 

uliquo  aliquid. 

gaudium  (opp.  dolor),  inner; 

laetitia  (opp.  tristitia),  joy  which  reveals  itself. 
Just  so  gaudere  and  laetari.  (See  85.) 

interficere,  in  general ; 

caedere,  occidere,  to  cut  down,  esp.  in  battle ; 

necare  (cf.  nex),  to  kill  horribly,  verberibus; 

trncidare,  to  butcher,  captos  sicuti  pecudes ; 

iugulare  (cut  the  throat,  iugulum) ,  kill  by  treachery 
like  a  bandit ; 

percutere  (per-quatere,  strike  through),  strike  dead, 
fulmine  or  de  caelo  percuti ;  aliquem  securi  per- 
cutere =  to  execute  ;  (See  108.) 

interimere  (inter-emere,  lit.  take  out  of  the  midst), 
to  put  out  of  the  way  =  (e,  de  medio)  tollere  ; 

mortem  sibi  consciscere,  manum  sibi  afferre,  se  inte- 
rimere, to  kill  one's  self.  (See  120.) 

perimere  (per-emo),  to  destroy,  annihilate,  hinder, 
prevent.  (See  53.) 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


27 


101. 

Lack. 


*102. 

Land. 


103. 

Last. 


104. 

Laziness. 


carere,  (1)  not  to  have  something  whether  good  or 
bad,  bonis,  ci/(pa,  febri,  (2)  to  be  iu  want  of  (a 
worthy  thing)  ;  patria  caruit,  he  had  to  keep  away 
from  his  native  land  ; 

vacare,  to  be  free  from  a  troublesome  thing,  culpa, 
metu  (=  sum  expers)  ; 

indigere,  signifies  the  sense  of  need,  and  eager  long- 
ing to  satisfy  it.  (See  121,  68.) 

terra,  as  opposed  to  water ;    (See  57,  207.) 
ager,  cultivated  land,  level  land  ; 
rus,  as  opposed  to  city,  with  reference  to  manner  of 
life,  ruri  esse,  vivere.     (See  44.) 

ultimas  (opp.  proximus)-,  most  remote  in  space, 
ultimae  terrae ; 

extremus  (opp.  medius),  the  extreme  part,  extra- 
mum  oppidnm;  in  extremo  libro,  at  the  end  of  the 
book ;  extrema  aestas,  the  last  days  of  the  sum- 
mer ; 

postremus  (opp.  primus),  the  last  in  order.  (See 
72.) 

supremus,  clearly  the  last,  dies  supremus  vitae. 

inertia  (iu-ars),  from  lack  of  skill ; 

desidia  (desidere) ,  sloth  ; 

ignavia  (in-gnavus  [  =  navus,  cf.  navare]),  laxness  ; 

segnitia,  sluggishness,  phlegm ; 

pigritia  (piget),  listlessness,  apathy.  So  are  distin- 
guished iners  (opp.  sellers),  deses  (idis),  ignavus, 
seguis,  piger. 


28 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


105. 

Letter. 


106. 

Light  (adj.). 


*107. 

Light  (subst.). 


*108. 

Lightning. 


109. 

Live  stock. 


epistula  (cTrio-roA.?/  [eTrio-Te'AAeii/,  to  send  to]) ,  the  letter 

with  respect  to  its  form  (as  sent  to) ,  as  contrasted 

with  other  kinds  of  writing ; 
litterae,  the  letter  as  a  written  thing,  including  not 

only  the  private  letter  but  also  the  official  letter, 

usually  of  only  one ; 
codicilli  (caudex) ,  an  address  to  one  within  the  same 

walls,  or  a  note.     (See  48.) 

levis,  in  respect  to  weight ;  figuratively  =  unimpor- 
tant, res  levis  momenti,  and  =  frivolous,  homo 
levis.  (Opposite  gravis,  heavy  in  weight,  figura- 
tively =  influential,  earnest,  solid.) 

facilis,  easy  to  do,  fig.  of  persons,  one  who  is  easily 
accessible.  (Opp.  difficilis,  hard  to  do,  fig.  obsti- 
nate, ill-humored.) 

lumen  (hypoth.  form  lucmen,  from  root  LUC),  the 
light-giving  body  (fig.  lumina  civitatis  =  viri  cla- 
rissimi)  ; 

lux,  the  light  which  streams  from  lumen. 

fulgor,  the  gleaming  flash,  cf.  fulgurat  =  it  lightens  ; 

fulmen  (hypoth.  fulgimen,  root  FULG),  the  gleam- 
ing and,  at  the  same  time,  striking  thunderbolt, 
therefore  fulmine  percuti.  (See  100.) 

pecus,  udis,  singby,  with  the  added  notion  of  stupidity  ; 
pecus,  oris,  collectively  of  the  smaller  live  stock,  often 

also  in  the  plural ;      (See  12.) 
armentum,  the  larger,  especially  oxen,  horses  ; 
iumentum  (for  hypoth.  iugmentum,  from  root  IUG)  , 

draught  animals,  especially  horses  and  mules. 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


29 


110. 

Loiig  since. 
For  a  long  time. 


'111. 

Lose. 

x  112. 

Love. 


113. 

Man. 


diu,  throughout  a  long  period  of  time ;     (See  200.) 

dudum  (from  diu  and  dum),  from  a  remote  period 
up  to  the  present;  (See  150,  130.) 

priclem  (prior  and  obsolete  pris  are  parallel  forma- 
tions) ,  anterior  to  a  remote  point ; 

so  iamcliu,  iamdudum,  iampridem  (sometimes,  how- 
ever, used  with  the  present). 

amittere,  with  or  without  blame  ; 

perdere  (lit.,  and  usually),  by  one's  own  fault. 

amare  (amor),  from  inclination  (opp.  odisse)  ; 
diligere  (dis-lego),    from   respect  (opp.  neglego)  ; 

(See  3.) 
adamare  (only  in  perf.  and  pluperf.),  to  acquire  a 

love  for.     Loved  or  dear,  carus  or  poss.  pron., 

not  amatus  or  dilectus. 

homo  (contrasted  with  dews,  as  well  as  bestia),  with 
regard  to  his  virtues  and  vices  as  well  as  birth  and 
intelligence  (either  masc.  or  fern.) ,  homo  improbus, 
nobilis,  doctus  ;  (See  12,  141.) 

vir  (masc.),  only  with  reference  to  his  good  quali- 
ties, vir  fortis  (vir  fortissimus  =  hero,  not  /teros, 
which  means  one  of  divine  descent),  constans, 
especially  of  statesmen.  In  the  following,  not  ex- 
pressed :  (1)  I  am  not  the  man  who,—  non  -is  sum 
qui;  (2)  Cato,  a  man,  who  —  Cato,  qui;  (3)  Cato, 
a  man  of  the  ancient  virtue,  —  Cato,  antiquae  vir- 
lutis ;  (4)  there  are  men  who,  —  sunt  qui;  (5)  men 
like  Cato  =  Catones;  (6)  a  man  of  peace,  pads 
amator,  of  war,  bellator. 

homunculus,  the  powerless  being  called  man,  as  con- 
trasted with  the  deity. 


30 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


114. 

Marry. 


115. 

Moment. 


*116. 

Money. 


117. 

More. 


*118. 

Most. 


uxorem  ducere  (i.e.  domum),  of  the  husband; 
nubere  (lit.  veil,  cf.  nubes,  a  cloud),  to  veil  one's  self 

for  the  bridegroom  (hence  alicui)  =  to  be  married, 

of  the  wife ; 
matrimonio  iungi,  of  both. 

punctum  temporis,  or  simply  tempus,  as  an  instant  of 

time ;     (See  86.) 
momentum  (root  MOV,   hypoth.  form  movimentum, 

the    thing  which,   like  the   weight  in  the  scales, 

determines) ,  important,  decisive  moment ; 
discrimen  (discernere,  lit.  the  separating  interval), 

the  critical  moment. 

pecunia  (from  pecus,  because  the  wealth  of  the  an- 
cients consisted  in  cattle) ,  wealth,  magna,  parva 
pecunia,  much,  little  mone}' ; 

nummi,  single  coins. 

plus,  comparative  of  multum,  substantively  and   in 

the  sing.,  quantitative,  in  answer  to  the  question 

how  much ; 
magis,  qualitative,  in  answer  to  the  question  how 

greatly,  of  a  higher  grade  ; 
amplius,  more  widely,  extending  farther,  of  a  growth 

or  an  addition,  quid  vultis  amplius  ? 
potius,  more  willing!}-,  of  the  choice  between  two 

things  (cf.  potissimum,  65)  ; 
nothing  more  =  nihil  iam,  no  longer  =  mm  iam. 

plurimi,  superl.  and  partitively  ; 
plerique,  very  many  ;  plerique  meministis,  very  many 
of  you  remember. 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


31 


*119. 

Name  (verb). 


120. 

Natural. 


*121. 

Need. 


Neighbor. 

*123. 

New. 


124. 

Noble. 


nominare,  call  or  mention  by  name  ; 

appellare,  address  with  the  appropriate  title  of  hon- 
or, amicum,  regem; 

nuncupare,  to  give  a  name  to  an  object  that  has 
hitherto  been  without  name  ; 

vocare,  like  appellare. 

naturalis,  effected  by  nature  (opp.  manu,  arte  fac- 
tus),  naturalis  portus,  naturale  ius; 

nativus  (natus),  given  b}-  birth,  inborn,  nativus  le- 
pos ;  (follows  naturally,  i.e.  logically,  consentaneum 
est,  not  naturale  ;  natural  death,  necessaria  niors 
[opp.  voluntaria  mors,  suicide  (see  100)],  not 
naturalis) . 

egere,  of  a  necessity  ; 

indigere,  of  a  thing  absolutely  indispensable  of  which 
the  pressing  need  is  felt.  (See  101.) 

victims  (vicus),  with  reference  to  house  and  home  ; 
fini.ti.mus  (finis),  one  inhabiting  adjoining  territory. 

novus  (opp.  autiquus),  what  hitherto  never  was;  res 
nova,  novelty  ;  novis  rebus  studere,  to  desire  revo- 
lution ;  homo  novus,  the  first  of  his  family  to  ob- 
tain a  Curule  office,  an  upstart ; 

recens  (opp.  vetus),  what  recently  occurred  for  the 
first  time,  fresh,  recens  lac;  recentes  copiae,  fresh 
troops,  to  be  distinguished  from  novi  milites,  re- 
cruits (tirones). 

nobilis  (root  GNO),  of  birth  ;    (See  69.) 
so  generosus  (genus)  ; 

noble  of  disposition,  bonus,  honestus,  ingenuus, 
liberalis,  generosus ; 


32 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


Oath. 

126. 

Obey. 


127. 

Obtain. 


128. 

Old. 


clams,  renowned  for  eminent  services  to  one's  country; 
insignis,  distinguished  for  something  either  good  or 
bad. 

iusiurandum,  civil  oath ; 

sacramentum,  oath  of  allegiance  of  soldiers. 

parere,  be  obedient  to ;  parentes  or  imperio  subjecti, 
subjects ; 

oboedire  (ob-audire),  to  "hear  to,"  obey  (in  indi- 
vidual cases)  ; 

obtemperare  (lit.  to  restrain  one's  self  toward  one) , 
to  comply  with  deliberation  ; 

dicto  audientem  esse,  to  be  obedient  to  a  command, 
as  a  soldier ; 

obsequi,  as  an  act  of  free  will. 

consequi,  assequi,  by  exertion  ; 

nancisci,  by  chance ; 

adipisci  (ad-apisci),  something  good,  b}-  good  for- 
tune, victoriam; 

impetrare,  through  asking.  Note  impetrare  ab  aliquo 
ut,  to  be  able  to  bring  to  pass  at  the  hands  of 
some  one ; 

inveniri,  reperire,  deprehendere,  in  general  to  find ; 
imply  a  concealed  object  which  is  discovered. 
(See  73.) 

vetus  (vetustior,  veterrimus),  that  which  has  long 
existed  and  still  is  (opp.  recens),  vetus  amicus, 
consuetudo,  therefore  vetus  aceusator,  a  cunning, 
practised  accuser  ; 

antiquus  (ante) ,  what  was  in  ancient  times  and  is 
no  longer  (opp.  novus),  (cf.  anliquare  [lit.  to 


LATIN   SYNONYMBS. 


33 


*129. 

Omit. 


130. 

Once. 


131. 

Only. 


cause  to  be  as  before]  legem,  to  reject  a  bill)  oftener 
in  praise  of  the  good  old  time,  upright ; 

vetustus,  what  has  been  long  in  use,  with  the  added 
meaning  of  superiority,  vetusta  disciplina ; 

priscus  (cf.  prior),  very  old,  with  the  added  mean- 
ing of  worthy  of  honor,  prisca  severitas  ; 

pristinus,  the  former  condition  in  opposition  to  the 
present,  in  pristinum  statum  restituere ; 

obsoletus,  obsolete,  obsoleta  verba. 

omittere,  e.g.  occasionem,  intentionally  ; 

dimittere,  voluntarily  =  give  up  ; 

praetermittere,  through  lack  of  attention  (not  inter- 

mittere  ;  I  cannot  omit  doing  =  facere  non  possum 

quin)  ; 
neglegere,  to  be  indifferent  to. 

quondam,  previously,  of  the  past;     (See  150,  110.) 
olim  (ollus  =  ille,  therefore  olim  =  illis  temporibus, 

opp.  nunc) ,  of  the  distant  past  or  future  ; 
aliquando,  at  some  time  or  other  (opp.  numquam) 

of  the  past,  present,  or  future. 

modo  (subjectively) ,  limiting,  especially  with  impera- 
tive, i  modo; 

tantum,  places  the  smaller  over  against  the  larger, 
lifts  one  out  of  a  large  number ; 

dumtaxat  (lit.  if  one  values  it  exactly) ,  when  care- 
fully considered,  the  only  highest ; 

non  (nemo,  nihil)  .  .  .  nisi,  or  nisi  .  .  .  non,  indi- 
cates the  only  possible  case  ;  (often  "  only  "  is  not 
expressed,  esp.  with  a  word  indicating  number : 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


*132. 

Openly. 


133. 

Opinion. 


*134. 

Orator. 


*135. 

Others. 


136. 

Ought. 


pauci,  only  a  few ;    raro,   [but]    seldom ;    medi- 
ocriter,  only  moderately,  et  al.). 

palam  (cf .  planus,  opp'.  clam) ,  before  all  eyes  ; 
aperte  (opp.  obscure),  openly,  e.g.  dicere ; 
publice  (hypoth.  form  populice,  opp.  privatim),  of 
matters  of  state,  e.g.  sepeliri,  of  a  state  funeral. 

sententia,  well  grounded ; 

opinio,  subjective,  fancy.  According  to  my  opinion, 
mea  (quidem)  sententia,  not  ex  seutentia,  which  = 
according  to  wish,  —  tell  your  opinion,  die  quid 
sentias  or  die  quod  sentis,  not  sententiam  dicere, 
which  =  vote  (of  senators  and  judges) . 

orator:  (1) a  trained  speaker,  (2)the  speaker,  speaker 

(orare)  in  an  embassy  ; 
rhetor,  teacher  of  oratory. 

ceteri,  of  contrast  or  comparison,  hence  ceteris  prae- 

stare ; 
reliqui,  of  remainder  (counting) ,  reliqui  sex.    Ceteri 

and  reliqui,  the  others  ; 
alii,  others. 


debere  (de-habere,  to  have  from  some  one  that  which 
one  should  return),  of  a  moral  duty  (subjective)  ; 

oportet,  it  is  according  to  the  external  Bought" 
(objective) ,  fitting ; 

necesse  est,  of  inner  necessity  of  nature  ;    (See  101.) 

cogi,  of  outer  necessity  ; 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


35 


*137. 

Party. 


138. 

Paternal. 


*139. 

Peace. 


140. 

People. 


opus  esse,  to  have  need  of;     (See  121.) 
— ndum   est  (gerundive),  in  general,  to  mark   the 
necessity  inhering  in  the  circumstances. 

pars,  partes,  in  general ; 

factio,  organized  party,  esp.  the  oligarchic. 

paternus,  what  a  father  possesses,  and  what  origi- 
nates from  him,  rura,  odium; 

patrius :  ( 1 )  what  belongs  to  a  father  as  head  of  a 
family,  patria  potestas  ;  (2)  what  belongs  to  one's 
native  country,  mos  patrius,  the  custom  in  one's 
native  country  (or  '  of  one's  ancestors ')  ;  sermo 
patrius,  mother  tongue,  not  lingua  vernacula. 

pax  (from  stem  pac,  cf.  pangere,  to  establish, 
pacisci),  peace  which  has  been  concluded  with 
the  enemy ; 

otium  (opp.  negotium)  :  (1)  rest  from  business, 
leisure,  otio  frui ;  (2)  peaceful  times,  freedom 
from  external  enemies,  in  otio  esse  or  vivere. 

gens  (gigno) ,  with  indication  of  common  origin  and 
speech ; 

natio  (nascor),  subdivision  of  the  same; 

populus,  as  political  whole  ; 

plebs,  the  lower  class  (opp:  nobiles)  ; 

vulgus,  the  rabble ; 

multitude,  the  great  mass  =  oi  TroAAoi  (do  not 
add  magna  unless  "great"  is  extremely  em- 
phatic) . 


36 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


141. 

Person. 


142. 

Permit. 


*143. 

Poem. 

*144. 

Power. 


145. 

Pretend. 


146. 

Promise. 


homo,  vir  (see  113,  174),  not  persona,  which  =type 

of  character ; 

ipse,  praesens,  coram,  personally  ; 
personal  enemy,  simply  mimicus.     (See  62.) 

sinere,  indifferently  )  ,  ... 

J  >  both  with  aec.  c.  mf. ; 
pati,  patiently  J 

concedere  (cou-cedere,  yield),  to  yield  to  one's  re- 
quests and  finally  grant  that  —  ; 

permittere  (lit.  to  send  to  the  goal)  :  (1)  to  give  over, 
alicni  potestatem  ;  (2)  of  one's  own  accord  to  per- 
mit, to  let  happen  (both  with  ut)  ;  (See  19.) 

tolerare,  to  keep  up  under  a  burden. 

carmen,  in  general,  esp.  a  short  lyric ; 
poema,  a  long  epic  or  dramatic  poem. 

potestas,  might,  official ; 

potentia,  actual  (hence  often  unjust)  ; 

imperium,  chiefly  military;     (See  175.) 

opes,  political  influence,  or  '  means  of  power.' 

vis,  strength,  physical  or  mental ; 

robur,  hard  oak,  a  power  that  resists  attack. 

simulare  (lit.  make  like,  similis),  to  pretend  that 
something  is  which  in  truth  is  not,  simulare  mor- 
bum,  simulat  se  aegrotum  esse  ; 

dissimulare,  to  pretend  that  something  is  not  which 
in  truth  is,  dissimulare  morbum,  dissimulat  se 
aegrotum  esse.  (Quae  uon  stint,  simulo  ;  quae 
sunt,  ea  dissimulantur.) 

promittere  (lit.  send  forth  from  the  mouth),  to 
assure,  to  put  in  expectation  (opp.  facere,  prae- 
stare)  ; 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


37 


*147. 

Proof. 


148. 

Prudent. 


149. 

Punishment. 
Punish. 


150. 

Recently. 


151. 

Recognize. 
Learn. 


polliceri  (pro-liceri,  to  offer),  to  proffer,  voluntarily 

to  pledge  one's  self  (opp.  abnuere)  ; 
recipere,  to  pledge  one's  self  to  a  task  consigned. 

argumentum    (orig.    to    make    clear,    to    clear   up 

[dpyo's]),  argument  based  upon  facts  ;   (See  95.) 
ratio,  the  argument  resting  upon  reasoning.  (See  55.) 

prudens( through  providens),  circumspect,  sagacious, 
esp.  (like  prudentia)  of  statesmen  and  jurists ; 

sellers  (sollus,  which  =  totus  and  ars  ;  opp.  iuers), 
versed,  inventive,  practically  skilled ; 

peritus,  practically  acquainted  ;      (See  74.) 

consultus,  versed  in  law.     (See  171.) 

poena  (TTOIVT;),  originally  as  fine,  penalty,  then  in 
gen.  punishment ; 

multa,  a  fine ; 

supplicium  (supplex),  lit.  the  beseeching  plea  for 
pardon  before  the  execution,  then  the  execution  ; 

castigatio  (castum-agere,  cf.  purgo  =  purum-ago) , 
the  correcting  (verbis  or  verberibus),  for  the 
purpose  of  improving.  So  arc  distinguished 
punire,  multare,  castigare.  (In  place  of  the  less 
usual  punire  use  rather  poena  aliquem  afficere, 
poenas  ab  aliquo  petere,  expetere,  repetere,  sup- 
plicium sumere.) 

nuper  (hypotli.  noviper,  from  novus),  lately,  of  a 

somewhat  remote  past;     (See  110,  130.) 
modo,  just  now,  of  a  nearer  past. 

cognoscere,  to  learn  to  know  ; 

agnoscere,  (1)  to  recognize  something  according  to 


38 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


152. 

Kelatives. 


153. 

Remaining. 


154. 

Remember. 


155. 

Request. 


its  true  being,  dens  agnoscitur  ex  operibus  suis  ; 
(2)  to  recognize,  filium. 

propinquus,  in  general ; 

affinis,  by  marriage  ; 

consanguineus,  cognatus,  blood  relative  ; 

necessarius,  closely  bound  not  alone  by  relation- 
ship but  by  friendship,  business  relations,  etc. 
The  corresponding  substantive  is  necessitudo  (to 
be  distinguished  from  necessitas  =  necessity) . 
(Proavus,  avus,  parentes,  pater,  mater,  f rater, 
soror,  vir,  maritus,  coniunx,  uxor,  films,  filia, 
nepos.) 

relinquitur,  as  only  possibility,  nihil  relinquitur  nisi 
fuga,  nothing  is  left  but  flight.  (No  other  course 
is  left  than  to,  relinquitur  ut,  not  nihil  aliud  relin- 
quitur nisi  ut)  ; 

restat,  reliquum  est  ut.  when  reaching  the  last  por- 
tion, =  finally  there  still  remains. 

meminisse  (cf.  mens),  to  hold  something  in  memory 

(  =  memoria  tenere,  memorem  esse) ,  to  keep  one's 

self  in  mind  of  a  thing  ; 
reminisci  (re-memiui) ,  to  call  back  to  the  thought 

again  by  a  mental  effort  what  has  vanished  (  =  in 

memoriam  redigere,  revocare)  ; 
recordari    (re-cor  [cor  =  mens]),  of  a  recollection 

which  has  some  duration  (as  a  result  of  remiuisci) . 

postulare  (connected  with  posco),  to  desire,  want, 
request  (in  comedy  not  much  stronger  than  velle)  ; 
poscere,  to  demand  with  energy  ;  (See  16,  98.) 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


39 


156. 

Best. 


157. 

Bich. 


*158. 

Bight. 


*159. 

Boyal. 

160. 

Bule  (vb.). 


flagitare  (cf.  flagitiura,  root  FLAG,  whence  also  fla- 
grare),  violently,  passionately  to  demand; 

petere,  to  ask  for  something,  whether  as  a  request 
or  a  demand. 

quies,  in  gen.,  absence  of  activity,  hence  also  rest 

after  activity,  in  quiete,  in  sleep ; 
requies    (requietis,  no  dat.,  requietem  or  requiem, 

requie),  refreshing  rest; 
otium.  rest  from  outside  business  (opp.  negotium) , 

leisure  ; 
tranquillitas  (lit.  stillness  of   the  sea   and  wind), 

rest  of  the  spirit,  animi. 

dives  (divitior,  divitissimus) ,  of  persons  (absolutely) 
rich  in  money  and  property  ; 

locuples  (locus-pleo),  rich  in  real  estate;  (fig.  amplus, 
magnus,  uber,  copiosus,  e.g.  amplum  praemium, 
uberrimae  fruges,  not  dives  ;  just  so  riches,  fig.  = 
copia,  ubertas,  not  divitiae.  To  be  rich  in  any- 
thing, abundare,  plenum  esse). 

ius,  human  ; 
fas,  divine  ; 

meo  (tuo,  suo)  lure,  optimo  iure,  with  full  right,  not 
summo  iure. 

regius,  belonging  to  a  king,  domus  regia  ; 
regalis,  befitting  a  king,  ornatus  regalis. 

regnare  (intrans.),  to  be  king,  to  rule  with  absolute 

power ; 
regere  (trans.),  to  direct,  to  administer,  rem  publi- 

cam ;     (See  39.) 


40 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


*161. 

Kule  (subst.). 
*162. 
Safe. 


163. 

Scarcely. 


164. 

Science. 


165. 

Second. 


dominari,  to  command  as  master,  in  iudiciis,  in  cives  ; 
(often  esse,  valere,  vigere,  e.g.  the  opinion,  the  cus- 
tom rules,  opinio,  mos  est,  and  rumor,  fama  viget). 

praeceptum,  lex,  not  regula. 

tutus  (tueor) ,  from  danger  ; 
securus  (se-cura) ,  from  care  ; 

certus  (lit.  decided,  cerno),  reliable,  amicus;  or  in- 
dubitable, certain,  res. 

vix  (objective  and  neg.)  =  almost  not;  hence  also 
used  for  noil,  did  vix  potest  or  vix  potest  did; 

aegre  (subjective  and  affirmative) ,  with  trouble,  with 
regard  to  the  person  who  feels  himself  troubled  ; 
aegre  fero,  I  do  not  like  it. 

scientia,  only  in  the  sing,  (subjective),  the  knowledge 
of  a  thing,  e.g.  iuris  ; 

doctrina,  science  acquired  through  instruction,  lib- 
eral culture ; 

ars,  science  in  the  higher  sense,  a  scientific  system  ; 

disciplina  (hypoth.  discipulina),  instruction,  teaching, 
also  'system  of  philosophy '  or  '  doctrinal  system,' 
e.g.  of  the  Druids  ; 

litterae,  the  science  which  has  been  expressed  in  writ- 
ing; (liberal  studies,  optima  studia,  bonae,  optimae, 
liberales,  ingenuae  artes,  not  pulchra,  etc.)  ; 

cognitio,  a  becoming  acquainted  with,  acquiring 
knowledge ; 

notitia,  knowing,  knowledge,  an  idea. 

secundus  (sequi) ,  of  close  order  or  succession  ; 
alter,  the  second  of  two  actually  present ;  (in  count- 
ing :  first,   unus,   not  primus ;  second,  alter,  not 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


41 


<166. 

See. 


*167. 

Several. 

168. 

Sex. 

169. 

Shame. 

170. 

Shore. 


171. 

Shrewd. 
Cunning. 


*172. 

Sickness. 


secundus  ;  third,  tertius,  etc.,  a  second  "  I,"  alter 
ego  ;  like  a  second  father,  sicut  alter  parens) . 

videre,  in  general ;  (Note  videre  also  in  the  mean- 
ings (1)  see  again,  (2)  live  to  see.)  (See  41.) 

cernere  (without  perf.  and  sup.),  orig.  distinguish, 
clearly  perceive. 

plures  (plura),  comparatively  (more)  ; 
complures  (a,  ia),  without  comparison. 

sexus,  virilis,  muliebris,  male,  female,  not  genus 
virile,  muliebre. 

pudor,  sense  of  shame,  modesty  (opp.  impudentia)  ; 
pudicitia,  purity  (opp.  impudicitia). 

ripa,  of  the  stream  ; 
litus,  of  the  sea  ; 

ora  (from  os,  oris,  lit.  brink),  shore,  the  laud  border- 
ing on  the  sea,  ora  maritima. 

callidus  (connected  with  calleo  [callum,  toughened, 

callous  skin]),  frequently  in  a  good  sense  =  shrewd, 

quickwitted  ; 
astutus  (astus  [not  used  by  Cicero]  =  the  individual 

artifice  ;  astutia,  the  quality  of  cunning) ,  usually 

in  censure.     (See  prudens.) 

aegrotatio  (with  weakness),  not  aegritudo,  which  in 

classic  prose  means  grief  ; 
morbus.  of  the  whole  body. 


42 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


*173.          tacere  (opp.  loqui) ,  not  to  speak  ; 
Silent  (to  be),      silere  (opp.  strepere,  sonare,  cf .  silentium),  to  be 
still,  also  fig.,  silent  leges  inter  arma.     Each  is 
trans,  or  intrans. 


*174. 

Some  one. 


175. 

Sovereignty. 


*176. 

Speak.     Say. 


177. 

Speech. 


aliquis,  some  one  or  other ; 

quidam,  a  certain  person  whose  name  one  either  does 
not  know  or  may  not  give.  (See  141.) 

regnnm,  of  a  king  ;  also  unlimited  authority,  regnum 

appetere ; 

imperium,  chief  rule,  esp.  military;  (See  144.) 
dominatio,  dominatus,  arbitrary,  tyrannical  rule ; 
principatus,  the  chief  place  in  the  state. 

fari,  to  utter  words,  to  make  one's  self  intelligible 
(cf.  <f>rip.ii  infans)  ; 

loqui,  to  speak,  to  express  one's  thoughts  by  lan- 
guage ; 

dicere,  to  say,  of  the  form  of  the  statement ;  in 
partic.  of  an  orator  ; 

inquarn,  I  say,  regularly  placed  after  one  or  more 
words  of  a  quotation,  as  our  "  said  I,"  "  says  he  "  ; 

aio,  to  say,  to  affirm,  to  say  yes. 

oratio  (orare,  orig.  to  speak,  from  os,  oris)  :  (1) 
power  to  express  one's  thoughts  by  words,  ferae 
orationis  expertes  sunt,  (2)  an  artistically  con- 
structed oration,  (3)  style  of  expression,  oratio 
pura ;  (See  205.) 

sermo  (serere,  to  join)  :  (1)  conversation  among 
several ;  (2)  colloquial  language,  sermo  cotidia- 
nus  ;  sermo  patrius,  native  speech  ; 

lingua,  the  tongue,  utterance,  speech. 


LATIN    SYNONYMES. 


43 


178. 

Spirit.    Soul. 


179. 

Star. 


180. 

State. 


*181. 

Statue. 

*182. 

Stream. 


183. 

Subdue. 


animus,  the  thinking,  feeling,  craving  soul,  animos 

militum  conjirmare;     (See  88.) 
anima  (lit.  the  breath,  anhnam   dncere  =  to   draw 

breath),  soul  as  supporter  of  life  ;  animam  ayere, 

to  lie  at  the  last  breath ;  animam  edere,  to  give 

up  the  ghost ; 

mens.  the  intellect,  mente  captum  esse; 
ingenium  (in-gigno),  the  inborn  ability,  especially 

creative  power. 

stella,  the  individual  star ; 

astrum,  the  same  (as  streu-n,  Eng.  star),  used  in 

elevated  prose  and  in  poetry  ; 
sidus,  star-group. 

res  publica,  commonwealth,  with  regard  to  its  con- 
stitution (also  simply  res)  ; 

civitas  (civis)  :  (1)  right  of  citizenship,  (2)  com- 
munity, municipality.  (See  37.) 

signum,  simulacrum,  esp.  of  gods  ; 
statua,  esp.  of  men. 

rivulus,  smallest ; 

rivns,  brook ; 

fluvius,  general  word  for  river  (not  used  by  Caesar)  ; 

flumen,  with  the  notion  of  flowing  (also  figuratively, 
e.g.  flumen  orationis).  Hence  secundo,  adverse 
flumine  (not  fluvio),  with  or  against  the  stream  ; 

amnis,  broad,  deep  river. 

a  people,  subigere  populum  ; 

in  potestatem  redigere  populum,  dicionis  suae  facere, 

to  bring  a  people  under  one's  self,  not  sibi  subigere 

populum  ; 


44 


LATIN    SYNONYMBS. 


184. 

Take. 


185. 

Thanks. 
To  thank. 


*186. 

Time. 


se  imperio  alieuius  subicere,  in  deditionem  venire,  to 
submit  one's  self  to  some  one,  not  se  alicui  subicere. 

sumere   (sub-emo,  the  latter,  orig.  to  take,  then  to 

buy),  in  order  to  use  it,  e.g.  cibum  ; 
demere  (de-emere) ,  to  take  awa}-  something  from  a 

whole  (opp.  addere)  ; 
adimere,  to  take  away  with  reference  to  a  possession 

(alicui  aliquid)  ; 
auferre,  violently  and  with  purpose  of  enriching  one's 

self,  to  force  away  ; 
eripere,  against  the  opposition  of  the  possessor  to 

tear  awa}-  (alicui  aliquid). 

gratiam  alicui  habere,  to  feel  gratitude  toward  some 
one  (in  heart)  ; 

gratiam  alicui  referre  (meritam,  debitam),  pro  ali- 
qua  re,  by  deed  to  show  one's  self  thankful  toward 
some  one  on  account  of  something,  thankfully  to 
recompense  some  one  for  something  ; 

gratias  alicui  agere,  to  express  one's  thanks  to  one 
(with  words)  ; 

grates  agere  (dis  immortalibus) ,  solemn!}-  to  return 
thanks  to  the  gods ; 

gratiam  alicui  debere,  to  owe  one  thanks  ; 

gratiam  mereri,  to  deserve  thanks. 

tempus,  in  general ;  in  plur.  circumstances  of  the  time  ; 

in  the  time  of  Pericles,  temporibus  Periclis,  not 

tempore  in  the  sing.  ; 
aetas,  period  of  life,  or  epoch ;  the  greatest  man  of 

his   times  =  summus   vir   illius   aetatis,  not  suae 

aetatis  ;     (See  7.) 


LATIN  SYNONYMES. 


45 


*187. 

Together. 


188. 

Translate. 


*189. 

Tribute. 

190. 

Truth. 


191. 

Undertake. 


192 

Use. 


aevum,  poetic ; 

tempestas.  a  point  or  space  of  time,  a  period. 

simul,  of  time ; 

una,  generally  of  place,  =  together  with,  iter  fa- 
cere  ; 

idem,  when  a  twofold  property  or  occupation  of  one 
person  is  expressed,  philosophus  idemque  poeta. 

transferre,  word  by  word  (also  ad  verbum  exprimere, 
not  verbo  tenus,  which  means  "  in  name  merely 
rather  than  fact ")  ; 

vertere,  convertere,  interpretari,  to  translate  more 
freely  (to  translate  into  Latin,  in  Latinum  ver- 
tere), ('  translation,'  conversio  not  versio). 

tributum,  direct ; 
vectigal,  indirect. 

verum  dicere,  not  veritatem  d.,  as  veritas  is  truth  in 

the  abstract ; 
in  truth,   certe,    sane,  profecto,   vero,   not  re  vera 

(opp.  specie).      (See  34.) 

suscipere  (opp.  recusare),  in  gen.  to  undertake  a 
thing  or  business ; 

recipere,  to  take  upon  one's  self  a  thing  or  business 
which  has  been  assigned  to  one,  and  to  be  respon- 
sible for  the  result  (v.  promittere) . 

uti,  to  make  use  of  something ; 

adhibere  (ad-habere,  to  hold  something  to  some- 
thing, to  bring  one  thing  to  another) ,  to  use  for 
a  particular  purpose,  remedia  morbis. 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


193. 

Vainly. 
In  vain. 


*194. 

Voluntarily. 


*195. 

Vote. 

*196. 

Wall. 


*197. 

Warlike. 

*198. 

Way. 


*199. 

Weak. 


frustra  (fraus),  subjectively,  of  the  person  deceived 

in  his  expectations ; 
nequiquam   (ne  [for  non] — quiquam,  modal  abl., 

which  has  come  to  be  an  adv.  which  =  in  any 

way),  objectively,  of  the  matter  in  which  nothing 

is  accomplished. 

ultro,  without  external  occasion ;  ultro  bellum  in- 
ferre,  to  wage  an  offensive  war ; 

mea,  tua,  sua  sponte,  from  one's  own  impulse,  unin- 
fluenced by  others. 

sententiam  dicere,  of  senators  and  judges  ;   (See  133.) 
suffragium  ferre,  in  the  assembly  of  the  people, 

murus,  in  general ; 
paries,  of  a  house  ; 

moenia,  um  (munire),  wall  of  the  city  to  protect 
from  the  enemy. 

bellicus,  belonging  to  war,  res  bellica ; 
bellicosus,  fond  of  war  (bellandi  cupidus) . 

via,  concretely,  of  the  road  or  street ; 

iter,  frequently  abstractly,  of  the  journey  or  march; 
(to  return  to  the  right  way,  in  viam  redire  or  ad 
bonam  frugem  se  recipere,  not  in  rectam  v.  red., 
and  not  ad  b.  f.  red.). 

infirmus,  without  firmness,  vires,  valetudo  ; 
imbecillus,  weak  of  nature  (filius,  senex),  also  weak 

in  mind  (animus,  ingenium)  ; 
debilis  (de-habilis,  orig.  who  has  lost  the  full  use  of 

his  limbs) ,  lamed,  decrepit. 


LATIN  SYNONYMBS. 


47 


200. 

While  (a  little). 


*201. 

White. 

202. 

Wish. 


203. 

Witness. 


204. 

Woman.    Wife. 


panunper,  for  a  moment  (cf .  Fr.  un  peu)  ; 
paulisper,  enduring  a  little  while,  with  notion  of  the 
continuance.     (See  110.) 

albus,  in  gen.  (opp.  ater)  ; 
candidus  (opp.  niger),  shining  white. 

optare  (lit.  to  choose,  cf .  optio  choice,  and  optimus) , 

to  wish  as  the  result  of  rational  choice,  as  the 

optimum  ; 
cupere    (cf.  cnpiditas),    passionately  to   desire,   to 

crave ; 
desiderare  (de  and  root  SID.,  considero.  lit.  to  look 

forth  for  something  absent),  to  long,  yearn  for, 

to  miss ; 
expetere  (lit.  to  especially  desire  to  reach) ,  to  crave, 

honestum,  divitias  (opp.  fugere). 

testis,  establishes  a  thing  by  his  own  knowledge ; 

arbiter  (from  ar  =  ad  and  root  BA  [cf.  /3cuV<o  /3ari/p] 
to  go  to  a  thing  in  order  to  see  or  to  hear), 
(1)  ear  and  eye  witness,  (remotis  arbitris,  of  two 
alone),  (2)  the  arbitrator. 

femina  (from  stem  FE,  cf.  fecundus),  every  female 
creature  (opp.  mas) ,  also  of  beasts  ; 

mulier  (opp.  vir) ,  the  mature  woman ; 

uxor,  coniunx  (opp.  maritus,  vir) ,  wife ; 

matrona  (mater) ,  matron  of  high  position  ;  wives  and 
children,  coniuges  (iixores)  ac  liberi,  as  the  thing 
dearest  to  man  ;  mulieres  puerique,  pueri,  mulieres 
to  indicate  weakness  of  kind  and  age. 


48 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


205. 

Word. 


206. 

Work. 


207. 

World. 


verbum,  portion  of  speech  with  reference  to  the 
connection  of  thought  (otherwise  frequently 
vocabulum)  ; 

nomen  (nosco),  the  name,  esp.  proper  names; 

vox  (vocare),  as  spoken,  esp.  full  of  feeling ; 

dictum,  ingenious,  sharp  expression,  like  a  bon  mot 
(so  scitum)  ;  (See  177.) 

sententia,  word  as  expression  of  opinion,  however  not 
cum  gen.  of  person,  as  it  would  in  that  case  mean 
opinion,  view.  ("Those  well  known  words  of 
Homer"  is  illud  Homeri,  or  Homericum  ;  "with 
the  words,"  cum  diceret  [after  a  praeteritum  in 
the  prin.  clause],  cum  dicit  [after  a  present  in  the 
prin.  cl.]  ;  "after  the  words,"  ubi  dixit ;  "  to  sa}'  a 
few  words,"  ut  pauca  dicam  ;  "  not  a  single  word," 
ne  verbum  quidem,  not  ne  unum  quidem  verbum). 

labor,  exhausting  effort;     (See  96.) 

opus,  (1)  concretely  the  complete  work,  especially 
that  of  the  artist,  (2)  the  completion  ; 

opera,  trouble  arising  from  something  (to  trouble 
one's  self,  to  take  pains,  operam  dare,  without  sibi ; 
to  take  great  pains,  studiose,  enixe  operam  dare, 
not  magnam  operam  dare :  without  pains,  sine 
negotio,  labore  ;  without  any  pains,  nullo  nego- 
tio,  sine  nllo  labore  ;  with  little  pains,  facile,  not 
facili  negotio)  ;  (See  assiduitas.) 

contentio,  an  exertion,  a  speech,  a  contest  or  strife. 

mundus,  universe  ;    (See  57,  102.) 
orbis  terrarum,  the  whole  earth,  universal  empire  = 
imperium  orbis  terrarum  ;  in  the  world  =  in  terris  ; 


LATIN   SYNONYMES. 


49 


-208. 

Worse. 


209. 

Worth. 


210. 

Yearly. 


unexperienced  in  the  world  =  impeiitus  rerum ; 
what  in  the  world  ?  =  quid  tandem  ?  where  in  the 
world?  =  ubi  terrarum,  gentium?  all  the  world  = 
omnes  (homines)  ;  all  the  world  knows  =  nemo 
ignorat,  nemo  nescit,  nemo  est  qtii  nesciat,  nemo 
est  quin  sciat,  qnis  est  quin  (qui  non)  sciat?  quis 
nescit  ?  the  learned  world  =  homines  docti,  litterati ; 
the  world  of  to-day  =  homines  qui  mine  sunt  or 
huias  aetatis  ;  since  the  creation  of  the  world  = 
post  hominum  memoriam,  post  homines  natos. 

deterior,  less  good,  compared  with  better  ; 

peior,  compared  with  bad.  (pessimus  can  be  used 
jocularly,  not  deterrimus) . 

virtus,  inner  worth ; 

praestantia,  comparative  sense,  dignitas,  or  by  a 
circumlocution  with  aestimare,  facere,  not  pretium, 
which  =  price ; 

to  attribute  worth  to  a  .thing  =  tribuere,  aliquid 
(multum)  alicui  rei,  not  pretium  statuere  alicui 
rei,  which  =  set  a  price  upon  anything. 

annuus,  lasting  a  year,  tempus  annuum  ; 

anniversarius  (annus-verto) ,  (recurring)  every  year, 
sacra ; 

solemnis  (sollus  =  totus  and  annus,  cf .  sellers) ,  re- 
turning as  festal  day  every  year,  in  general,  fes- 
tival, usual,  sacra,  sacrificia ; 

quotannis  (adv.),  that  which  happens  at  some  time 
every  year. 


a,  ab,  10,  87,  89,  127,  149. 
abesse,  68. 
abierunt,  64. 
abnuero,  146. 
absolvere,  24. 
abundare,  157. 
accidere,  86. 
accipere,  46. 
accusator,  128. 
acerba,  66. 
acies,  15,  74. 
acquiescere,  73. 
ad,  38,  58,  72,  74,  127,  188, 

192,  198,  203. 
adamare,  112. 
addcre,  184. 
adesse,  23,  68. 
adhibere,  192. 
adimere,  184. 
adipisci,  74,  127. 
admirari,  3. 
adspicere,  41. 
adulari,  75. 
adulescens,  7. 
adversus,  80,  81,  182. 
aegre,  163. 
aegritudo,  172. 
aegrotatio,  172. 
aegrotus,  8, 145. 
aequare,  57. 
aes,  77. 
aestas,  103. 
aestimare,  26,  209. 
aetas,  7,  21,  186,  207. 
aevum,  186. 
Afer,  4. 
afferre,  100. 


afficere,  149. 

afflnis,  152. 

Africanus,  4. 

Africus,  4. 

ager,  44,  102. 

agere,  15,  32,  149,  178, 
185. 

agmen,  15. 

agnoscere,  151. 

agrestis,  44. 

aio,  69,  176. 

albus,  29,  201. 

alere,  60. 

alias,  60. 

alibi,  60. 

alienus,  77. 

aliquando,  130. 

aliquis,  16,  23,  43,  58,  63, 
73,  75,  76,  83,  87,  89, 
98,  100,  114,  127,  142, 
149,  174,  183,  184,  185, 
209. 

aliter,  60. 

alius,  60,  77,  135,  153. 

alter,  165. 

altus,  50. 

araare,  112. 

ainator,  113. 

amatus,  112. 

ambire,  11. 

ambitus,  11. 

ambitio,  11. 

ambo,  33. 

amicus,  1,  119,  128,  162. 

amittere,  111. 

amnis,  182. 

amoenus,  20. 


amor,  112. 

amplius,  117. 

amplus,  157. 

anima,  178. 

animal,  12. 

animans,  12. 

animus,  88,  156,  178,  199. 

annivcrsarius,  210. 

annus,  210. 

annuus,  210. 

ante,  23,  128. 

antea,  5. 

antiquare,  128. 

antiquus,  113,  123,  128. 

aperte,  132. 

apisei,  74,  127. 

appellate,  119. 

appetere,  52,  175. 

aptus,  74. 

apud,  23,  97. 

arbiter,  203. 

argumentum,  147. 

arma,  14,  21,  173. 

armentum,  109. 

ars,  58,  104,  120,  148, 164. 

Asianus,  4. 

Asiaticus,  4. 

aspernari,  52. 

assentari,  75. 

assentir,  75. 

assequi,  76,  127. 

assidere,  96. 

assiduitas,  96,  206. 

assiduus,  96. 

astrum,  179. 

astus,  171. 

astutia,  171. 


52 


INDEX. 


astutus,  171. 

carus,  112. 

consciscere,  100. 

ater,  29,  201. 

castigare,  149. 

consentaneum,  120. 

atque,  16. 

castigatio,  149. 

consequi,  76,  83,  127. 

auctor,  18. 

castum,  149. 

considerare,  41,  202. 

auctoritas,  48. 

caudex,  105. 

consilia,  49. 

audire,  87,  126. 

causa,  21. 

constans,  7,  113. 

auferre,  184. 

cavere,  29. 

consuetudo,  128. 

augere,  91. 

cedere,  142. 

consultum,  48. 

augustus,  91. 

celeber,  69. 

consultus,  148. 

aura,  70. 

censere,  26. 

contemnere,  52. 

auricula,  87. 

cernere,  162,  166. 

contemplari,  41. 

auscultare,  87. 

certe,  13,  34,  190. 

contentio,  206. 

aut,  13. 

certo,  34. 

contingere,  86. 

avus,  152. 

certus,  162. 

contio,  17. 

ceteri,  23,  60,  135. 

conventus,  17. 

beate,  80. 

cibum,  184. 

convertere,  188. 

beatitas,  80. 

cis,  28. 

cooptare,  36. 

beatitude,  80. 

citra,  28. 

copia,  15,  123,  157. 

beatus,  80. 

civis,  160,  180. 

copiosus,  59,  157. 

bellandi,  197. 

civitas,  107,  180. 

cor,  88,  154. 

bellator,  113. 

clam,  132. 

coram,  23,  141. 

bellicosus,  197. 

clarus,  69,  107,  124. 

corpus,  42. 

bellicus,  197. 

codicilli,  105. 

corrigere,  43. 

bellum,  24,  31,  67,  194. 

coepisse,  24. 

corroborata,  7. 

bellus,  20. 

cogi,  136. 

cotidianus,  177. 

belua,  12. 

cognatus,  152. 

creare,  36. 

bene,  58,  63,  80. 

cognitio,  164. 

credere,  26. 

bestia,  12. 

cognoscere,  151. 

crudelis,  31. 

blandiri,  75. 

coitus,  17. 

crudus,  31. 

bonus,  80,  101,  124,    164, 

colores,  54. 

cruentum,  31. 

198. 

comitia,  17. 

cruor,  31. 

commeatus,  89. 

culpa,  2,  101. 

cadaver,  42. 

commodus,  74. 

cum,  65,  97,  205. 

cadere,  42. 

commorari,  97. 

cunctus,  9. 

caedere,  100. 

comperire,  66. 

cupere,  202. 

caelo,  100. 

complures,  167. 

cupiditas,  61,  202. 

calamitas,  46. 

con,  15,  17,   23,    41,    43, 

cupidus,  197. 

calamus,  46. 

142. 

cura,  162. 

calcei,  74. 

concedere,  142. 

curare,  52. 

callere,  171. 

concupiscere,  52. 

curru,  19. 

callidus,  171. 

confirmare,  178. 

callum,  171. 

confiteri,  2. 

damnum,  46. 

candidus,  29,  201. 

conformare,  58. 

dare,  30,  39,  84,  206. 

capere,   65,   78,    83,    100, 

coniunctus,  9. 

de,  1,  6,  46,  92,  100,  136, 

178. 

coniunx,  152,  204. 

184,  199,  202. 

carere,  101. 

coniurationis,  78. 

debere,  136,  185. 

carmen,  143. 

consanguineus,  152. 

debilis,  199. 

INDEX. 


53 


debitarn,  185. 

disertus,  59. 

erudire,  58. 

deelarare,  67. 

dispersus,  9. 

eruditus,  45. 

decretum,  48. 

disputare,  55. 

esse,  2,  29,  50,  06,  80,  88, 

deditio,  95,  183. 

disputatio,  55. 

94,  102,   113,   120,  126, 

deesse,  68. 

disserere,  55,  59. 

136,  139,  145,  153,  154, 

deficero,  68. 

dissertatio,  55. 

157,  160,  177,  178,207. 

deinde,  72. 

dissimulate,  145. 

et,  32,  33,  34,  49,  58,  88. 

deligere,  36. 

diu,  110. 

etiam,  2,  10. 

demere,  184. 

diversus,  54. 

cvadere,  22. 

dernonstrare,  95. 

dives,  157. 

evenire,  86. 

demum,  72. 

divitiae,  157,  202. 

eventus,  80. 

denique,  72. 

doctus,  45,  113,  207. 

exaudire,  87. 

clenunciare,  67. 

doctrina,  50,  164. 

exereere,  15. 

dcnuo,  6. 

dolor,  85,  99. 

exercitus,  1,  15. 

deponere,  24. 

domcsticus,  77. 

exhibere,  95. 

deprehendere,  127. 

dominari,  160. 

existimare,  26. 

derclictus,  1. 

dominatio,  175. 

exordiri,  24. 

deserere,  1. 

dominatus,  175. 

exordium,  25. 

desertus,  1. 

domus,  114,  159. 

expedire,  89. 

deses,  104. 

donuni,  84. 

experiri,  66. 

desiderare,  202. 

dubio,  50. 

expertes,  177. 

desidere,  104. 

dubitatione,  56. 

expetere,  14!),  202. 

desidia,  104. 

dubium,  56. 

explanare,  67. 

designare,  36. 

ducere,  114,  178. 

explicare,  67. 

desinere,  24. 

diulum,  110. 

exploratus,  98. 

despicere,  52. 

dum,  110. 

exponere,  67. 

destitutus,  1. 

dumtaxat,  131. 

exprimere,  188. 

deterior,  208. 

duo,  33. 

expugnare,  27. 

deterrimus,  208. 

exquisita,  50. 

detrimentum,  46. 

e,  ex,  27,  30,  43,  45,  58, 

exsistero,  22. 

deus,  16,  91,  151,  185. 

59,  83,  87,  98,  100,  151. 

externus,  77- 

dicax,  59. 

edere,  178. 

exterus,  77. 

dicere,  23,  58,  59,  67,  74, 

edicere,  39. 

extremus,  15,  72,  103. 

88,   132,    133,  103,  176, 

edictum,  48. 

exuere,  51. 

190,  195,  205. 

educare,  58,  03. 

dicionis,  183. 

educ-ere,  58. 

fabula,  90. 

dictum,  126,  205. 

cgere,  121. 

facere,   40,   94,   120,   129, 

dies,  29,  103. 

ego,  105. 

140,  183,  187,  209. 

difficilis,  106. 

eligere,  36. 

fadlis,  106,  200. 

digito,  95. 

eloquens,  59. 

facinus,  49. 

dignitas,  61,  209. 

emendare,  43. 

factio,  137. 

diligere,  112. 

emere,  100,  184. 

factum,  49. 

dimittere,  129. 

enixe,  200. 

facundus,  59. 

disceptare,  55. 

enseni,  51. 

fama,  1(!0, 

discernere,  29,  115. 

epistula,  105. 

fari,  59,  176. 

disdplina,  35,03,  128,  164. 

equo,  19. 

fas,  49,  158. 

discrimen,  115. 

eripere,  184. 

fastidire,  52. 

54 


INDEX. 


fateri,  2. 

fuga,  153. 

humilis,  57. 

faustus,  80. 

fugere,  202. 

humus,  57. 

favere,  80. 

fulgor,  108. 

favor,  70. 

fulgura,  67. 

iace're,  46. 

febri,  101. 

fulgurat,  108. 

iacere,  57. 

fecundus,  81,  204. 

fulmen,  100,  108. 

iactura,  46. 

felicitas,  81. 

fundus,  50. 

iam,  117. 

felix,  80. 

iaindiu,  110. 

femina,  81,  204. 

Gallicanus,  4. 

iamdudum,  110. 

fendere,  92. 

Gallicus,  4. 

iampridem,  110. 

fera,  12. 

Gallus,  4. 

ianua,  64. 

ferae,  177. 

gaudere,  99. 

ianus,  64. 

fere,  10. 

gaudium,  85,  99. 

ici,  108. 

ferme,  10. 

generosus,  124. 

idem,  187. 

ferre,  2,19,21,32,  81,163, 

gens,  77,  92,  140,  207. 

idemque,  187. 

195. 

genus,  124,  168. 

idoneus,  74. 

fidem,  73. 

geometricae,  79. 

ignavia,  104. 

fieri,  10,  22,  86. 

gerere,  19,  49,  90. 

ignavus,  104. 

figura,  79. 

gignere,  140,  178. 

ignorantia,  93. 

filia,  35,  152. 

gnavus,  104. 

ignorat,  207. 

filius,  35,  151,  152,  199. 

graece,  88. 

ignoratio,  93. 

fingere,  79. 

grandior,  7. 

illaquere,  89. 

finis,  122. 

grates,  185. 

ille,  34,  130,  186,  205. 

finitimus,  122. 

gratia,  70,  185. 

imbeeillus,  199. 

firmata,  7. 

gratus,  8. 

immortalibus,  185. 

flagitare,  49,  155. 

gravis,  106. 

impedire,  89. 

flagitium,  49,  155. 

impeditus,  89. 

florere,  23. 

habere,  73,  88,  89,  136,  185, 

imperare,  39. 

flores,  54. 

192. 

imperitus,  207. 

flumen,  28,  182. 

habilis,  199. 

imperium,  126,   144,  175, 

fluvius,  182. 

habitare,  97. 

183,  207. 

foris,  64. 

baud,  56. 

impetrare,  127. 

forma,  20,  58,  79. 

beros,  113. 

impetus,  16. 

formido,  71. 

hie,  29,  94,  207. 

implicare,  89. 

formosus,  20,  79. 

Ilispanicus,  4. 

implorare,  16. 

fors,  81. 

Hispaniensis,  4. 

imprimis,  65. 

fortis,  113. 

Hispanus,  4. 

improbus,  113. 

fortuna,  81. 

historia,  90. 

impudentia,  169. 

fortunatus,  80. 

historicus,  90. 

impudicitia,  169. 

fossa,  50. 

homo,  42,   106,  113,  123, 

in,   9,  16,  23,  44,  58,   65, 

frater,  152. 

141,  207. 

73,  76,  78,   89,   92,   97, 

fraus,  46,  193. 

homunculus,  113. 

103,  104,  128,  139,  154, 

fructus,  83. 

honestus,  58,  124,  202. 

156,  160,  178,  183,  188, 

frui,  63,  83,  139. 

honor,  33. 

198,  207. 

fruges,  83,  157,  198. 

horror,  71. 

inanis,  61. 

frumentum,  83. 

hostilis,  92. 

inceptum,  24. 

frustra,  193. 

hostis,  62,  8<J,  92. 

inchoare,  24. 

INDEX. 


65 


incipere,  24. 

invidia,  70. 

locus,  20,  60,  74,  76,  97, 

incolere,  97. 

ipse,  141. 

157. 

increpare,  30. 

ire,  17,  78,  131. 

loquax,  59. 

indicare,  95. 

is,  113,  145. 

loqui,  21,  59,  88,  173,  176. 

indicere,  67. 

ita,  2. 

luctus,  85. 

indigere,  101,  121. 

iter,  92,  187,  198. 

lumen,  107. 

industrius,  96. 

iterum,  6. 

lux,  107. 

industria,  96. 

iubere,  39. 

iners,  104,  148. 

iucundus,  8. 

maeror,  85. 

inertia,  104. 

iudex,  26. 

maestitia,  85. 

infans,  7,  176. 

iudicare,  26. 

magis,  65,  117. 

infelicitas,  81. 

indicium,  23,  160. 

magistro,  63. 

infelix,  80. 

iugulare,  100. 

magnus,  15,  116,  140,  157, 

infensus,  92. 

iugulum,  100. 

206. 

inferre,  194. 

iumentum,  109. 

malencium,  49. 

infestus,  92. 

iungi,  114. 

mandare,  39. 

infirmus,  199. 

iuvare,  8. 

manubiae,  32. 

informare,  58. 

ius,  120,  158,  164. 

manus,  32,  39,  100,  120. 

infortunatus,  80. 

iusiurandum,  91,  125. 

mare,  50. 

ingenium,  178,  199. 

iuvenis,  7. 

maritima,  170. 

ingenuus,  63,  82,  124,  164. 

maritus,  152,  204. 

inimicus,  62,  141. 

labor,  96,  206. 

mas,  204. 

inire,  25. 

laboriosus,  96. 

mater,  152,  204. 

initium,  25. 

lac,  123. 

matrimonium,  114. 

iniuria,  89. 

lacrimis,  21. 

matrona,  204. 

inquam,  176. 

laetari,  99. 

maxime,  65. 

inretire,  89. 

laetitia,  85,  99. 

me,  21. 

insciens,  94. 

latinum,  88,  188. 

medicma,  8. 

inscientia,  93. 

landare,  30. 

medio,  100. 

inscitia,  93. 

legere,  36,  112. 

mediocriter,  131. 

inscius,  93,  94. 

legiones,  4. 

inedius,  7,  103. 

insequi,  76. 

lepos,  120. 

memini,  118,  154. 

insignis,  124. 

levis,  106. 

memorem,  154. 

instituerc,  58. 

lex,  128,  161,  173. 

memoria,  154,  207. 

instruere,  58,  74. 

libenter,  2. 

mendum,  43. 

insula,  91. 

liberalis,  124,  164. 

mens,  154,  178. 

integer,  6,  9. 

liberaliter,  58,  63. 

mereri,  185. 

inter,  100,  173. 

liberi,  35,  204. 

meritam,  185. 

interficere,  100. 

libertinus,  82. 

metuere,  71. 

interimere,  100. 

libertus,  82. 

metus,  71,  101. 

intermittere,  129. 

libro,  103. 

meus,  133,  158,  194. 

interpres,  67. 

liceri,  21,  146. 

mihi,  88. 

interpretari,  67,  188. 

lingua,  177. 

miles,  89,  123,  178. 

interrogare,  98. 

litterae,  58,  105,  164. 

mirari,  3. 

intestinus,  77. 

litteratus,  45,  207. 

mirum,  3. 

intueri,  41. 

litus,  170. 

miser,  80. 

invenire,  73,  127. 

locuples,  157- 

misericordia,  16. 

56 


INDEX. 


modo,  131,  150. 

nescius,  94. 

opeta,  206. 

moenia,  196. 

nex,  47,  100. 

opima,  32. 

momentum,  106,  115. 

niger,  29,  201. 

opinati,  26. 

monere,  95. 

nigrior,  29. 

opinio,  52,  133,  160. 

monstra,  67. 

nihil,  117,  131,  153. 

opottet,  136. 

monstrare,  95. 

nisi,  131,  153. 

oppidum,  37,  103. 

morbus,  145,  172,  192. 

nobilis,  69,  113,  124,  140. 

oppottunus,  74. 

mores,  43,  77. 

nomen,  65,  205. 

oppugnate,  27- 

mors,  47,  52,  100,  120. 

nominate,  119. 

ops,  15,  144. 

mortuus,  42. 

iiominatim,  65. 

optate,  202. 

mos,  138,  160. 

non,  2,  8,  21,  29,  56,  94, 

optimus,  158,  164,  202. 

muliebris,  168. 

113,  117,  129,  131,  145, 

optio,  202. 

mulier,  204. 

163,  193. 

opus,  24,  136,  151,  206. 

multa,  149. 

noscere,  205. 

ota,  170. 

multus,50,59,66,117,209. 

notitia,  164. 

otaculum,  69. 

multare,  149. 

novus,  6,  15,  123,  128,  150. 

ot  ate,  16,  134,  177. 

multitude,  140. 

nox,  50. 

otatio,  59,  177,  182. 

mundus,  207. 

nubere,  114. 

otatot,  33,  134. 

munire,  196. 

nubes,  114. 

ot  bate,  51. 

munus,  84. 

nullo,  206. 

otbis,  57,  207. 

murus,  196. 

nummi,  116. 

ot  bus,  51. 

mutare,  38. 

nunc,  5,  130,  207. 

otdiri,  24. 

nuncupate,  119. 

ornatus,  159. 

nae,  34. 

nunquam,  130. 

os,  16,  23,  64,  170,  177. 

nancisci,  127. 

nuper,  150. 

osce,  88. 

narratio,  8,  90. 

ostendere,  95. 

narratiuncula,  90. 

ob,  16,  21,  27,  74,  95,  126. 

ostium,  64. 

nasci,  120,  140,  207- 

objurgate,  30. 

otium,  63,  139,  156. 

natio,  140. 

oboedite,  126. 

nativus,  120. 

obscute,  132. 

pacisci,  139. 

natus,  7,  120. 

obsectate,  16. 

paene,  10. 

naturalis,  120. 

obsequi,  76,  126. 

palam,  132. 

navare,  104. 

obsidete,  27. 

pangete,  139. 

navus,  104. 

obsoletus,  128. 

parare,  30. 

—  ndum  est,  136. 

obtempetate,  126. 

parens,  126,  152,  165. 

ne,  34,  193,  205. 

obtingete,  86. 

parere,  126. 

necare,  100. 

occasionem,  129. 

pario,  73. 

necessarius,  120,  152. 

occidete,  100. 

pats,  137. 

necesse,  136. 

odisse,  112. 

parumper,  200. 

necessitas,  152. 

odium,  138. 

patva,  15,  116. 

necessitudo,  152. 

offendete,  92. 

pater,  152. 

nefas,  49. 

olim,  130. 

paternus,  138. 

neglegere,  52,  112,  129. 

ollus,  130. 

pati,  19,  46,  142. 

negotium,  139,  156,  206. 

omen,  80. 

patria,  101. 

nemo,  9,  59,  131,  207. 

omittete,  129. 

pattius,  138,  177. 

nepos,  152. 

omnino,  59. 

pauci,  131,  205. 

nequiquam,  193. 

omnis,  9,  10,  135,  207. 

paulisper,  200. 

INDEX. 


67 


pavor,  71. 

popularis,  70. 

pro,  16,  60,  80,   89,   146, 

pax,  50,  113,  139. 

populus,  23,  140,  183. 

185. 

pecunia,  68,  116. 

porta,  64. 

proavus,  152. 

pecus,  100,  109,  116. 

portare,  19. 

probari,  73. 

peior,  208. 

portus,  69,  74,  120. 

procedere,  80. 

per,  21,  100. 

poscere,  155. 

proelium,  78,  80. 

percipere,  83. 

posse,  21,  29,  129,  163. 

profanus,  91. 

percontari,  98. 

post,  207. 

profectionem,  89. 

percutere,  100,  108. 

postea,  5. 

profecto,  34,  190. 

pcrdere,  HI. 

posthac,  5. 

profiteri,  2,  67. 

peregre,  77. 

postremus,  72,  103. 

profundus,  50. 

percgrinus,  77. 

postulare,  155. 

prohibere,  89. 

pericula,  52. 

potentia,  144. 

promittere,  146,  191. 

perii,  10. 

potestas,  95,  138,  142,  144, 

prope,  10. 

perimere,  100. 

183. 

propinquus,  152. 

peritus,  148. 

potissinmm,  65,  117. 

propter,  21. 

permittere,  19,  142. 

potius,  117. 

prosequi,  76. 

pernicies,  53. 

prae,  2,  21,  23,  65. 

prosperus,  80. 

persequi,  76. 

praeceptum,  161. 

proximus,  103. 

persona,  141. 

praecipere,  39. 

prudens,  148,  171. 

pes,  50,  74,  89. 

praecipue,  65. 

prudentia,  148. 

pessitnus,  208. 

praeda,  32. 

publice,  132. 

pestilentia,  53. 

praemium,  157. 

pudicitia,  169. 

pestis,  53. 

praesens,  141. 

pudor,  169. 

petere,  16,  149,  155. 

praesertim,  65. 

puer,  7,  35,  204. 

pharetram,  51. 

praestantia,  209. 

puerilis,  35. 

philosophiam,  2. 

praestare,  135,  146. 

pulcher,  20,  164. 

philosophus,  2,  187. 

praeter,  23. 

punctum,  115. 

pice,  29. 

praeterniittere,  129. 

punire,  149. 

piger,  104. 

precari,  16. 

purgo,  149. 

pigritia,  104. 

pretiurn,  209. 

purum,  149. 

planus,  67,  132. 

prex,  16. 

putare,  26,  55. 

plebiscitum,  48. 

pridem,  110. 

plebs,  48,  140. 

priinum,  72. 

quaerere,  98. 

pleo,  157. 

primus,   15,   65,   78,    103, 

quaestio,  98. 

plenum,  157. 

165. 

quatere,  100. 

plerique,  118. 

princeps,  78. 

que,  80. 

plerumque,  10. 

principatus,  175. 

querela,  40. 

plicare,  16,  89. 

principium,  25. 

querinlonia,  40. 

plorare,  16. 

prior,  78,  110. 

questus,  40. 

plures,  167. 

priscus,  128. 

qui,    quis,    80,    113,    117, 

plurimi,  118. 

pristinus,  128. 

133,  145,  207. 

plus,  117. 

privare,  51. 

H  11  id  :mi,  174. 

poema,  143. 

privatim,  132. 

quidem,  13,  133,  206. 

poena,  149. 

privignus,  51. 

quiquam,  193. 

poeta,  187. 

privilegium,  61. 

quies,  156. 

polliceri,  146. 

privus,  61. 

quin,  56,  129,  207. 

58 


INDEX. 


quod,  88. 

Romanus,  29,  92. 

sexus,  168. 

quondam,  130. 

rudis,  45,  58. 

si,  65. 

quotannis,  210. 

rumor,  160. 

sibi,  100,  183,  206. 

rura,  138. 

Siciliensis,  4. 

raro,  131. 

rursus,  6. 

Siculus,  4. 

ratio,  147. 

rus,  102. 

sicut,  165. 

ratus,  26. 

rusticanus,  44. 

sicuti,  100. 

recens,  123,  128. 

rusticus,  44. 

sidus,  179. 

recipere,  146,  191,  198. 

significare,  95. 

recordari,  154. 

sacer,  91,  210. 

signum,  95,  181. 

rectam,  198. 

sacramentum,  125. 

silere,  173. 

recusare,  52,  191. 

sacrare,  16. 

silentium,  173. 

redigere,  154,  183. 

sacrificia,  210. 

similis,  145. 

redire,  38,  198. 

saltern,  13. 

simul,  187. 

referre,  185. 

salvus,  13. 

simulacrum,  181. 

regalis,  159. 

sanctus,  91. 

simulare,  145. 

regem,  119. 

sane,  34,  190. 

sine,  56,  206. 

regere,  43,  160. 

sanguis,  31. 

sinere,  19,  142. 

regius,  159. 

scelus,  49. 

singuli,  9. 

regnare,  160. 

scientia,  164. 

sol,  68. 

regnum,  175. 

seiscitari,  98. 

solemnis,  210. 

regula,  161. 

scire,  34,  88,  207. 

sellers,  104,  148,  210 

relinquere,  1,  153. 

scitum,  48,  205. 

sollus,  210. 

reliquus,  135,  153. 

scriptor,  18,  90. 

solus,  2. 

remedia,  192. 

se,  2,  59,  88,  100,  145,  183, 

solum,  57. 

reminisci,  154. 

198. 

somnia,  67. 

remotis,  203. 

secundus,  80,  81,  165,  182. 

sonare,  173. 

reor,  26, 

securis,  100. 

soror,  152. 

reperire,  73,  127. 

securus,  162. 

species,  34,  79,  190. 

repetere,  149. 

sed,  2. 

spectare,  41. 

reprehendere,  30. 

sedere,  27. 

speculari,  41. 

requies,  156. 

segnis,  104. 

spernere,  52. 

res,  25,  34,  49,  60,  73,  80, 

segnitia,  104. 

spero,  80. 

81,  83,  90,  95,  106,  123, 

senatus,  48. 

spolia,  32,  51. 

162,  180,  185,  190,  197, 

senectus,  7. 

spoliare,  51. 

207,  209. 

senex,  7,  199. 

sponte,  194. 

respublica,  160,  180. 

senior,  7. 

statua,  181. 

restat,  153. 

sententia,    98,    133,    195, 

statuere,  58,  209. 

restituere,  128. 

205. 

statum,  128. 

revocare,  154. 

sentire,  133. 

stella,  179. 

rhetor,  134. 

sepeliri,  132. 

strepere,  173. 

ripa,  170. 

sequi,  76,  80,  81,  165. 

studere,  123. 

rivulus,  182. 

serere,  1,  55,  177. 

studiose,  20«. 

rivus,  182. 

sermo,  24,  138,  177. 

studium,  70,  164. 

robigo,  46. 

servus,  82. 

sub,  16,  184. 

robur,  144. 

severitas,  128. 

subicere,  183. 

rogare,  16,  98. 

sex,  135. 

subiecti,  126. 

INDEX. 


59 


subigere,  183. 

trepidatio,  71. 

venire,  17,  23,  73,  86,  183. 

subsequi,  76. 

tres,  50,  88. 

ventus,  4,  80. 

subtilis,  50. 

tribuere,  209. 

venustus,  20. 

succedcrc,  76. 

tribuni,  48. 

verberibus,  100,  149. 

successus,  80. 

tributum,  189. 

verbum,  61,  128,  149,  188, 

suffragium,  195. 

tristitia,  85,  99. 

205. 

sumere,  184. 

trucidare,  100. 

verecundia,  71. 

summus,  33,  50,  158,  186. 

tn   16,  29,  94. 

vereri,  71. 

supplex,  149. 

tueor,  162. 

veritas,  190. 

suppliearej  16. 

turn,  72. 

vero,  34,  190. 

supplicium,  149. 

tutus,  162. 

vertere,  6,  9,  30,  54,  188, 

supremus,  103. 

tuus,  158,  194. 

210. 

suscipere,  191. 

verum,  190. 

suspicere,  52. 

uber,  157. 

verus,  34,  190. 

sustincre,  19. 

uberrimus,  83,  157. 

vestimontum,  38. 

suus,  38,  77,  151,  158,  183, 

ubertas,  157. 

vestis,  19,  38. 

186,  194. 

ubi,  205,  207. 

vestitus,  38. 

ullus,  66,  206. 

veterrimus,  128. 

tacere,  173. 

ultimas,  72,  103. 

vetus,  123,  128. 

tandem,  72,  207. 

ultra,  28. 

vetustior,  128. 

tangere,  9. 

ultro,  194. 

vetustus,  128. 

tantum,  131. 

uniero,  51. 

via,  95,  198. 

tela,  14. 

una,  187. 

vicinus,  122. 

tellus,  57. 

universus,  9. 

victoriam,  127. 

tempestas,  186. 

unus,  9,  165,  205. 

vicus,  122. 

templum,  41. 

urbana,  44. 

videre,  2,  59,  166. 

tempus,  60,  115,  130,  186, 

urbs,  37. 

vigere,  160. 

210. 

usu,  86. 

vir,  44,  107,  113,  141,  152, 

tendere,  95. 

ut,  2,  10,  127,  142,  153. 

186,  204. 

tenere,  154. 

uterque,  33. 

virilis,  7,  168. 

tenus,  188. 

uti,  63,  192. 

virtus,  113,  209. 

terra,    5V,    92,    102,    103, 

utilis,  74. 

vis,  144,  199. 

207. 

uxor,  114,  152,  204. 

vita,  33,  44,  80,  103. 

terere,  46. 

vitio,  30. 

tertius,  165. 

vacare,  101. 

vituperare,  30. 

testis,  203. 

vacuus,  61. 

vivere,  80,  102,  139. 

timere,  71. 

vagina,  51. 

vix,  163. 

timor,  71. 

valere,  160. 

vocabuhim,  205. 

tirones,  123. 

valetudo,  199. 

vocare,  119,  205. 

tolerare,  19,  142. 

valvae,  64. 

voluntaria,  120. 

tollere,  100. 

varius,  54. 

voluptas,  52,  63. 

totus,  9,  148,  210. 

vas,  61. 

vox,  205. 

tranquillitas,  156. 

vectigal,  189. 

vulgus,  52,  140. 

trans,  28. 

vehere,  19. 

vultis,  117. 

transferre,  188. 

velle,  117,155. 

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